Test Bank For Ancient Mediterranean
Civilizations From Prehistory to 640 CE 3rd
Edition By Chapter 1-15 Complete Guide .
Neolithic Revolution - answers - ancient near east (fertile crescent) ca. 8,000 BCE
- the invention of agriculture and domestication of animals
- 10,000 - 8,000 BCE
- "new stone" = Neolithic
- once people were able to settle down, villages, towns, cities, and empires began
developing
Theories for how agriculture was born... - answers - accidental
- observant person noticed things growing where seeds were dropped, in waste piles,
and etc. (means agriculture would have been invented by a woman)
- someone motivated by starvation
Gobekli Tepe - answers - 9600 BCE
- digging began in 2007
- oldest collection of monumental architecture that we know of
- set up in circles
- undermining all previous knowledge because it shows that people here would have
been settled before agriculture and domestication is said to have happened (no town
that goes with the stone circles, however it is possible that they never actually settled
and just kept returning to this place)
Jericho - answers - 7500 BCE
- one of the oldest walled in cities in the world
- oasis, had been inhabited for 6,000 - 7,000 years because of this
- Kathleen Kenyan found a large tower here which could have served as defense and/or
storage (would make it the oldest in the world)
- tombs have also been found here, implying life after death beliefs and religious beliefs
Skulls at Jericho - answers - covered with mud and shells and placed back in the family
home
- known as ancestor worship
- unique to Neolithic Period
Catal Hoyuk - answers - near Turkey
- pre-pottery
- mud brick wall houses sitting on stone foundations found here (protected against
weather)
- no streets, doors, windows, or alleyways
,Theories as to why Catal Hoyuk is set up the way it is... - answers - would have saved
effort
- would have been easier to defend
- no doors or windows mean that there is less of a possibility of walls falling
- animals could not get into the area if there were no doors or windows
Artwork and trade at Catal Hoyuk - answers - lots of artwork dedicated to bulls at this
site
- obsidian glass from here would have been highly prized
James Mellart - answers - thought that the oldest landscape painting ever had been
found here but, it seems possible now, that James Mellart may have forged these and
other artifacts
Mother Goddess Figurines - answers - found at Catal Hoyuk and other sites
- may have been a Mother Goddess cult
- could also be some kind of female leader
- could be a self-portrait
- could have had something to do with fertility (someone giving thanks for pregnancy or
asking to be pregnant)
Origins of Agriculture Hypotheses - answers Oasis Hypothesis - V. Gordon Childe: Near
East was well-watered and fertile until it began to dry up as the glaciers retreated ca.
10,000 BCE. Hunters and gatherers retreated to the few remaining well-watered places,
such as oases or river valleys of Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile.
Nuclear Zone Hypothesis - Robert Braidwood: Also known as the "natural habitat"
hypothesis. His basic premise was that there was an area in the Near East where the
wild ancestors of domesticable plants and animals existed. No significant climate
change in past 12,000 years, so should look for the areas where such plants and
animals still exist in the wild today - i.e. in their natural habitat. He thought one such
area was in the lower foothills of the Zagros Mtns in northern Iraq, which he called the
"Hilly Flanks" of the "Fertile Crescent."
But doesn't explain why people would make the change to agriculture if not necessary
Neo-Climatic Change Hypothesis - Henry Wright: Adds the missing "why" to
Braidwood's hypothesis. Says that there was climatic change after all and that the
appropriate types of animals and plants didn't exist in the "nuclear zone" until ca. 9,000
BCE, when the weather turned warmer and wetter. Only then, in these favorable
conditions, could agriculture develop.
Population Pressure Hypothesis - Ester Boserup: Also tries to add the missing "why" to
Braidwood's hypothesis. Says that population growth was a major factor - the size of the
population increased to a point where the methods of food procurement then in use
were no longer sufficient. Thus, they turned to agriculture...
, Name a few of Jared Diamond's reasons (and counterpoints) for why agriculture is the
worst thing that ever happened - answers Reasons:
- creates social class
- creates gender roles
- creates population excess
Counterpoints:
- gender inequality already existed
- allowed time to go toward other things
- would have happened anyway
Pottery types 6500 - 4500 BCE - answers Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf, and Ubaid
- pottery styles were consistently improving
- dating based on carbon
When do we see the rise of the first kingdoms? - answers 3000 BCE
When does writing begin? - answers Uruk Period
What is one theory for why towns grew into cities and cities grew into states and so on?
- answers Hydraulic Theory - Wittfogel and Steward:
- proposed that the need for irrigation lead to the creation of cities and states
- would have required a coordinated effort
- would have created a population explosion
- would have needed leaders to direct the work
- water source would have been needed
- if you control water, you control everything so people would naturally come into power
and develop cities/ kingdoms around them
Mesopotamia - answers - invention of agriculture/ domestication of plants ca. 10,000
years ago
- invention of irrigation ca. 5,500 years ago
- Sumerian creation and paradise stories
In what period and when did art begin to surface? - answers Uruk Period
3000 BCE
Bevelled-Rim Bowls - answers - these were produced by the thousands in the Uruk
period
- could show that colonies are being sent out to find resources
- believed that these bowls held a day's worth of grain and were widely used
What is another important type of architecture that surfaces during the Uruk period? -
answers Temples
First attempts at writing... - answers - Uruk Period
- Clay tablets used
Civilizations From Prehistory to 640 CE 3rd
Edition By Chapter 1-15 Complete Guide .
Neolithic Revolution - answers - ancient near east (fertile crescent) ca. 8,000 BCE
- the invention of agriculture and domestication of animals
- 10,000 - 8,000 BCE
- "new stone" = Neolithic
- once people were able to settle down, villages, towns, cities, and empires began
developing
Theories for how agriculture was born... - answers - accidental
- observant person noticed things growing where seeds were dropped, in waste piles,
and etc. (means agriculture would have been invented by a woman)
- someone motivated by starvation
Gobekli Tepe - answers - 9600 BCE
- digging began in 2007
- oldest collection of monumental architecture that we know of
- set up in circles
- undermining all previous knowledge because it shows that people here would have
been settled before agriculture and domestication is said to have happened (no town
that goes with the stone circles, however it is possible that they never actually settled
and just kept returning to this place)
Jericho - answers - 7500 BCE
- one of the oldest walled in cities in the world
- oasis, had been inhabited for 6,000 - 7,000 years because of this
- Kathleen Kenyan found a large tower here which could have served as defense and/or
storage (would make it the oldest in the world)
- tombs have also been found here, implying life after death beliefs and religious beliefs
Skulls at Jericho - answers - covered with mud and shells and placed back in the family
home
- known as ancestor worship
- unique to Neolithic Period
Catal Hoyuk - answers - near Turkey
- pre-pottery
- mud brick wall houses sitting on stone foundations found here (protected against
weather)
- no streets, doors, windows, or alleyways
,Theories as to why Catal Hoyuk is set up the way it is... - answers - would have saved
effort
- would have been easier to defend
- no doors or windows mean that there is less of a possibility of walls falling
- animals could not get into the area if there were no doors or windows
Artwork and trade at Catal Hoyuk - answers - lots of artwork dedicated to bulls at this
site
- obsidian glass from here would have been highly prized
James Mellart - answers - thought that the oldest landscape painting ever had been
found here but, it seems possible now, that James Mellart may have forged these and
other artifacts
Mother Goddess Figurines - answers - found at Catal Hoyuk and other sites
- may have been a Mother Goddess cult
- could also be some kind of female leader
- could be a self-portrait
- could have had something to do with fertility (someone giving thanks for pregnancy or
asking to be pregnant)
Origins of Agriculture Hypotheses - answers Oasis Hypothesis - V. Gordon Childe: Near
East was well-watered and fertile until it began to dry up as the glaciers retreated ca.
10,000 BCE. Hunters and gatherers retreated to the few remaining well-watered places,
such as oases or river valleys of Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile.
Nuclear Zone Hypothesis - Robert Braidwood: Also known as the "natural habitat"
hypothesis. His basic premise was that there was an area in the Near East where the
wild ancestors of domesticable plants and animals existed. No significant climate
change in past 12,000 years, so should look for the areas where such plants and
animals still exist in the wild today - i.e. in their natural habitat. He thought one such
area was in the lower foothills of the Zagros Mtns in northern Iraq, which he called the
"Hilly Flanks" of the "Fertile Crescent."
But doesn't explain why people would make the change to agriculture if not necessary
Neo-Climatic Change Hypothesis - Henry Wright: Adds the missing "why" to
Braidwood's hypothesis. Says that there was climatic change after all and that the
appropriate types of animals and plants didn't exist in the "nuclear zone" until ca. 9,000
BCE, when the weather turned warmer and wetter. Only then, in these favorable
conditions, could agriculture develop.
Population Pressure Hypothesis - Ester Boserup: Also tries to add the missing "why" to
Braidwood's hypothesis. Says that population growth was a major factor - the size of the
population increased to a point where the methods of food procurement then in use
were no longer sufficient. Thus, they turned to agriculture...
, Name a few of Jared Diamond's reasons (and counterpoints) for why agriculture is the
worst thing that ever happened - answers Reasons:
- creates social class
- creates gender roles
- creates population excess
Counterpoints:
- gender inequality already existed
- allowed time to go toward other things
- would have happened anyway
Pottery types 6500 - 4500 BCE - answers Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf, and Ubaid
- pottery styles were consistently improving
- dating based on carbon
When do we see the rise of the first kingdoms? - answers 3000 BCE
When does writing begin? - answers Uruk Period
What is one theory for why towns grew into cities and cities grew into states and so on?
- answers Hydraulic Theory - Wittfogel and Steward:
- proposed that the need for irrigation lead to the creation of cities and states
- would have required a coordinated effort
- would have created a population explosion
- would have needed leaders to direct the work
- water source would have been needed
- if you control water, you control everything so people would naturally come into power
and develop cities/ kingdoms around them
Mesopotamia - answers - invention of agriculture/ domestication of plants ca. 10,000
years ago
- invention of irrigation ca. 5,500 years ago
- Sumerian creation and paradise stories
In what period and when did art begin to surface? - answers Uruk Period
3000 BCE
Bevelled-Rim Bowls - answers - these were produced by the thousands in the Uruk
period
- could show that colonies are being sent out to find resources
- believed that these bowls held a day's worth of grain and were widely used
What is another important type of architecture that surfaces during the Uruk period? -
answers Temples
First attempts at writing... - answers - Uruk Period
- Clay tablets used
