Test Bank for The Life Span: Human
Development for Helping Professionals
Updated MCQs with Answers (2025/2026) |
All Chapters
• Serve many purposes
• 'Trusty arsenal of survival skills'
• Means of communication
• Motivators of behavior
• Infants use emotion to communicate with caregiver - answers Functions of Emotions
• Emotions aren't fully formed at birth
• Emotions develop from undifferentiated responses into more differentiated ones, finally
into integrated emotional repertoire (aka orthogenetic)
• Early infant emotional expressions are considered precursors to more mature
emotions.
• Believed that infants lacked the cognitive ability needed to place meaning to emotional
experiences. - answers Sroufe's position on emotions
• One of the cornerstones of emotional well-being and positive adjustment throughout
the life span.
• Strategies and behaviors we use to moderate our emotional experiences in order to
meet the demands of different situations or to achieve our goals.
• Example: Healthy people find ways to comfort themselves in difficult times, keeping
their distress from overwhelming.
• Poor emotional regulation in newborns - answers Emotional regulation
Bowlby - answers • Focused on parent-child relationships
• Integrated ideas from ethology, systems theory, cognitive development (Piaget's
works), and from psychoanalysis.
• Argued that some human infant behaviors help keep the mother close. Such behaviors
initiate the development of an attachment system that promotes the infant's survival and
creates a feeling of security.
• Believed that mental health and behavioral problems could be attributed to early
childhood
• Also focused on parent-child relationships and agreed with Bowlby.
• Her research enhanced the credibility of Bowlby's views.
• Babies actively help create an attachment system that protects them and provides a
foundation for later development. - answers Ainsworth
,• The infant's connection with the primary caregiver is the first attachment relationship.
• How it changes and what it means for the child's psychosocial life
• Attachment is a system, not a particular set of behaviors - answers Attachment Theory
• Categorized 3 month old babies
• Difficult baby vs. easy baby
• Difficult baby- more fearful, more irritable, and more active = challenging to parent
• Easy baby- more positive, less active, more placid = easy to take care of.
• Nine traits observed: activity level, rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, adaptability,
threshold, intensity, mood, distractibility, attention span and persistence. - answers
What are the NY Longitudinal Study highlights?
• Beliefs about oneself
multi-dimensional - answers Self-Concept
Me-Self - answers Begins to emerge in early elementary
Example: child may believe they are good in art if they are good with coloring, cutting,
drawing.
Middle Childhood to Early Adolescence
self-concept - answers Begins to form more abstract traitlike concepts to describe self.
Example: "being smart" "friendly"
Self-esteem may decline a little
shaping one's self-concepts based on one's understanding of how others perceive them
- answers Beginning of the looking glass
Kohlberg: Morality of Justice - answers Masculine approach to morality. Legalistic moral
dilemmas
Gilligan: Morality of Care - answers Feminine approach to morality. Caring and nurturing
approach.
Kohlberg-Heinz dilemma (Heinz's wife is ill and will die without a certain medicine which
Heinz can't afford)
Preconventional/Conventional/&Post conventional Level) 6 stages. - answers Moral
Development
o Emotions
o Cognitions
o Behaviors - answers Kohlbergs Complex interweaving of three elements
Acts in ways intended to benefit someone else (aka Altruism)
o Altruistic tendencies remain stable across age but differ per person/child.
Examples: Sharing, comforting friends, and helping
, Empathy: 'Feeling with' recognize another person's emotions & conditions, and
experiencing it.
Sympathy: 'Feeling for' Having concern for another person, but not feeling it.
Preschooler's: Hedonistic
Needs oriented - answers Pro-social behavior
'Feeling with' recognize another person's emotions & conditions, and experiencing it. -
answers Empathy
'Feeling for' Having concern for another person, but not feeling it. - answers Sympathy
• Helps child regulate or modulate emotional reactions
• Inhibiting a response that is considered 'dominant' and perform a response that is less
compelling. Example: child feeling discomfort after watching a video of a young burn
victim. Instead of paying attention to own discomfort, the child will express sympathy for
burn victim (p.233)
• If a child can't moderate such emotions, then the child will focus on their own
discomfort. This will reduce the chances of sympathetic responses to someone in need.
- answers Effortful Control
May look different as children grow
Intent to harm, or injure, or disregard for actions that may harm or injure others
Physical, verbal, or social attacks
Cheating, lying, stealing
Instrumental Aggression vs. Individual Aggression
Relational Aggression
Normative developmentally
Social Information Processing Model
Hostile Attributional Bias - answers anti-social behavior
Aggressive individuals that perceive threats even in neutral situations. - answers Hostile
Attributional bias
Pathways to anti-social behavior
• Early-starter - answers This pathway has a life course trajectory characterized by the
presence of oppositional, noncompliant, and aggressive behavior that begins early,
persists and diversifies overtime, and becomes increasingly more serious.
Adolescent-onset or Late starter- - answers Begins in adolescence and less likely to
result in adult criminality. Serious but seems reflective of a difficult or exaggerated
reaction to the adolescent period.
Marker events - answers 1. Accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's
actions
2. Making independent decisions
3. Becoming financially independent
Development for Helping Professionals
Updated MCQs with Answers (2025/2026) |
All Chapters
• Serve many purposes
• 'Trusty arsenal of survival skills'
• Means of communication
• Motivators of behavior
• Infants use emotion to communicate with caregiver - answers Functions of Emotions
• Emotions aren't fully formed at birth
• Emotions develop from undifferentiated responses into more differentiated ones, finally
into integrated emotional repertoire (aka orthogenetic)
• Early infant emotional expressions are considered precursors to more mature
emotions.
• Believed that infants lacked the cognitive ability needed to place meaning to emotional
experiences. - answers Sroufe's position on emotions
• One of the cornerstones of emotional well-being and positive adjustment throughout
the life span.
• Strategies and behaviors we use to moderate our emotional experiences in order to
meet the demands of different situations or to achieve our goals.
• Example: Healthy people find ways to comfort themselves in difficult times, keeping
their distress from overwhelming.
• Poor emotional regulation in newborns - answers Emotional regulation
Bowlby - answers • Focused on parent-child relationships
• Integrated ideas from ethology, systems theory, cognitive development (Piaget's
works), and from psychoanalysis.
• Argued that some human infant behaviors help keep the mother close. Such behaviors
initiate the development of an attachment system that promotes the infant's survival and
creates a feeling of security.
• Believed that mental health and behavioral problems could be attributed to early
childhood
• Also focused on parent-child relationships and agreed with Bowlby.
• Her research enhanced the credibility of Bowlby's views.
• Babies actively help create an attachment system that protects them and provides a
foundation for later development. - answers Ainsworth
,• The infant's connection with the primary caregiver is the first attachment relationship.
• How it changes and what it means for the child's psychosocial life
• Attachment is a system, not a particular set of behaviors - answers Attachment Theory
• Categorized 3 month old babies
• Difficult baby vs. easy baby
• Difficult baby- more fearful, more irritable, and more active = challenging to parent
• Easy baby- more positive, less active, more placid = easy to take care of.
• Nine traits observed: activity level, rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, adaptability,
threshold, intensity, mood, distractibility, attention span and persistence. - answers
What are the NY Longitudinal Study highlights?
• Beliefs about oneself
multi-dimensional - answers Self-Concept
Me-Self - answers Begins to emerge in early elementary
Example: child may believe they are good in art if they are good with coloring, cutting,
drawing.
Middle Childhood to Early Adolescence
self-concept - answers Begins to form more abstract traitlike concepts to describe self.
Example: "being smart" "friendly"
Self-esteem may decline a little
shaping one's self-concepts based on one's understanding of how others perceive them
- answers Beginning of the looking glass
Kohlberg: Morality of Justice - answers Masculine approach to morality. Legalistic moral
dilemmas
Gilligan: Morality of Care - answers Feminine approach to morality. Caring and nurturing
approach.
Kohlberg-Heinz dilemma (Heinz's wife is ill and will die without a certain medicine which
Heinz can't afford)
Preconventional/Conventional/&Post conventional Level) 6 stages. - answers Moral
Development
o Emotions
o Cognitions
o Behaviors - answers Kohlbergs Complex interweaving of three elements
Acts in ways intended to benefit someone else (aka Altruism)
o Altruistic tendencies remain stable across age but differ per person/child.
Examples: Sharing, comforting friends, and helping
, Empathy: 'Feeling with' recognize another person's emotions & conditions, and
experiencing it.
Sympathy: 'Feeling for' Having concern for another person, but not feeling it.
Preschooler's: Hedonistic
Needs oriented - answers Pro-social behavior
'Feeling with' recognize another person's emotions & conditions, and experiencing it. -
answers Empathy
'Feeling for' Having concern for another person, but not feeling it. - answers Sympathy
• Helps child regulate or modulate emotional reactions
• Inhibiting a response that is considered 'dominant' and perform a response that is less
compelling. Example: child feeling discomfort after watching a video of a young burn
victim. Instead of paying attention to own discomfort, the child will express sympathy for
burn victim (p.233)
• If a child can't moderate such emotions, then the child will focus on their own
discomfort. This will reduce the chances of sympathetic responses to someone in need.
- answers Effortful Control
May look different as children grow
Intent to harm, or injure, or disregard for actions that may harm or injure others
Physical, verbal, or social attacks
Cheating, lying, stealing
Instrumental Aggression vs. Individual Aggression
Relational Aggression
Normative developmentally
Social Information Processing Model
Hostile Attributional Bias - answers anti-social behavior
Aggressive individuals that perceive threats even in neutral situations. - answers Hostile
Attributional bias
Pathways to anti-social behavior
• Early-starter - answers This pathway has a life course trajectory characterized by the
presence of oppositional, noncompliant, and aggressive behavior that begins early,
persists and diversifies overtime, and becomes increasingly more serious.
Adolescent-onset or Late starter- - answers Begins in adolescence and less likely to
result in adult criminality. Serious but seems reflective of a difficult or exaggerated
reaction to the adolescent period.
Marker events - answers 1. Accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's
actions
2. Making independent decisions
3. Becoming financially independent
