GI Bleeding – Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis & Management | BSc Nursing Notes

Handwritten, exam-oriented notes on Gastrointestinal (GI) Bleeding, perfect for BSc Nursing, GNM, and medical-surgical nursing exams. Includes: Etiology (with definitions + how each causes bleeding) – Esophageal varices – Peptic & duodenal ulcer – Gastritis – GERD – IBD (Crohn’s & UC) – Infectious diarrhea – Angiodysplasia – Polyps – Anorectal disorders – Cirrhosis (portal hypertension → varices) – Intestinal obstruction Pathophysiology Blood loss → ↓ Hb → ↓ O2 carrying capacity → shock (explained with arrows) Clinical manifestations Hematemesis, melena, abdominal pain, fatigue, dyspnea, anemia Diagnostic evaluation History, blood tests, upper endoscopy, colonoscopy Management Blood transfusion, IV fluids, PPIs, octreotide, airway support Nursing management Monitoring vitals, Hb, ECG, stool for melena, blood transfusion care Clear, neat, and easy for last-minute exam revision.