Revision for Final Test NH: 2021- 2022
INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE
A. Theory ( 3pts)
Chapter 2:
1. We should first distinguish between specificially communicative and signals and
unintentionally informative signals.
2. When we talk about distinctions betwee human language and animal
communication, we are considering both in terms of their potential for intentional
communication.
3. Humans are able to reflect on language and its uses. The property of human
language is reflexivity.
4. There are five more properties of human language. There are displacement,
arbitrariness, productivity, cultural transmission and duality.
5. At one level, we have distinct sounds, and, at another level, we have distinct
meanings. This property of human language is duality.
6. Human can refer to past and future time. The property of human language is
displacement. It allows language users to talk about things and events not present
in the immediate environment.
7. Productivity: Humans are continually creating new expressions by
manipulating their linguistic. essentially means that the potential number of
utterances in any human language is infinite resources to describe new objects and
situations
8. Abitrariness: This aspect of the relationship between words and objects.
Chapter 3:
1. Our main interest will be articulatory phonetics, which is the study of how
speech sounds are made, or articulated.
2. When the vocal folds are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly
pushes them apart as it passes through, with a vibration effect, producing voiced
sounds.
3. These are bilabial consonants, made with both lips.
1
, Revision for Final Test NH: 2021- 2022
4. A stop consonant is produced by blocking the airflow very briefly, then letting it
go abruptly.
5. We regularly create sounds that consist of a combination of two vowel sounds,
known as dipthongs.
6. When the vocal folds are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between
them
unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless.
Chapter 4:
1. Phonology is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech
sounds in a language.
2. Each one of these meaning- distinguishing sounds in a language is described as a
phoneme.
3. While the phoneme is the abstract unit or sound type (“ in the mind”), there are
many different versions of that sound type regularly produced in actual (“ in the
mouth”). We can describe those different versions as phones.
4. When we have a set of phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme, we
add the prefix “allo-“ and call them allophones of that phonemes.
5. A syllable must contain a vowel or vowel- like sound, including dipthongs.
6. When two words such as pat and bat are identical in form except for a contrast
in one phoneme, occurring in the same position, the two words are described as a
minimal pair
7. When a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by
changing one phoneme (always in the same position in the word), then we have a
minimal set.
Chapter 5:
1. The study of the origin and history of a word as its etymology.
2. The process simply labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from
other language.
3. Compounding is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form.
2
INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE
A. Theory ( 3pts)
Chapter 2:
1. We should first distinguish between specificially communicative and signals and
unintentionally informative signals.
2. When we talk about distinctions betwee human language and animal
communication, we are considering both in terms of their potential for intentional
communication.
3. Humans are able to reflect on language and its uses. The property of human
language is reflexivity.
4. There are five more properties of human language. There are displacement,
arbitrariness, productivity, cultural transmission and duality.
5. At one level, we have distinct sounds, and, at another level, we have distinct
meanings. This property of human language is duality.
6. Human can refer to past and future time. The property of human language is
displacement. It allows language users to talk about things and events not present
in the immediate environment.
7. Productivity: Humans are continually creating new expressions by
manipulating their linguistic. essentially means that the potential number of
utterances in any human language is infinite resources to describe new objects and
situations
8. Abitrariness: This aspect of the relationship between words and objects.
Chapter 3:
1. Our main interest will be articulatory phonetics, which is the study of how
speech sounds are made, or articulated.
2. When the vocal folds are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly
pushes them apart as it passes through, with a vibration effect, producing voiced
sounds.
3. These are bilabial consonants, made with both lips.
1
, Revision for Final Test NH: 2021- 2022
4. A stop consonant is produced by blocking the airflow very briefly, then letting it
go abruptly.
5. We regularly create sounds that consist of a combination of two vowel sounds,
known as dipthongs.
6. When the vocal folds are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between
them
unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless.
Chapter 4:
1. Phonology is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech
sounds in a language.
2. Each one of these meaning- distinguishing sounds in a language is described as a
phoneme.
3. While the phoneme is the abstract unit or sound type (“ in the mind”), there are
many different versions of that sound type regularly produced in actual (“ in the
mouth”). We can describe those different versions as phones.
4. When we have a set of phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme, we
add the prefix “allo-“ and call them allophones of that phonemes.
5. A syllable must contain a vowel or vowel- like sound, including dipthongs.
6. When two words such as pat and bat are identical in form except for a contrast
in one phoneme, occurring in the same position, the two words are described as a
minimal pair
7. When a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by
changing one phoneme (always in the same position in the word), then we have a
minimal set.
Chapter 5:
1. The study of the origin and history of a word as its etymology.
2. The process simply labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from
other language.
3. Compounding is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form.
2
