CMN 102 RUIZ UCD EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Agreement reality - Answer -The things we know but we don't experience
Epistemology - Answer -Science of knowing; systems of knowledge
Methodology - Answer -The science of finding out; procedures for scientific
investigation
Secondhand information - Answer -Tradition; authority
Overgeneralization - Answer -it happens on the basis of limited audience.
Two ways can help guard against it; seek a large sample of generalization; and
replication
Inaccurate observations - Answer -when we make observations, error cannot be
avoided;
use simple and complex measures;
Replication - Answer -repeating an experiment to reduce errors.
Selective Observation - Answer -only focusing on things that fit in the pattern;
Social science - Answer -seek to understand the aggregates or systems in which
people operate, which in turn explain why
people do what they do.
Theory - Answer -A systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a
particular aspect of life.
Attribute - Answer -A quality of a person or a thing, the Values a Variable Can Assume,
different levels of a variable
Variable - Answer -the element in social science experiments, it is composed of
attributes, any type of category you are trying to measure.
independent variable - Answer -a variable (often denoted by x ) that isn't changed by
the other variables you are trying to measure, age
Idiographic - Answer -Idio in the context means unique, separate, seeks to understand
its individual casual reasoning;
Nomothetic - Answer -Explains a set of situations rather than one, identifies a few
factors or independent
, variables that can causally explain variation in the dependent Variable. it is probabilistic
model If A, B, C then probably D at 75%
Inductive reasoning - Answer -grounded theory, nontraditional, observations, lead to
empirical generalizations, and applying theories (OGT)
Deduction - Answer -traditional, stating theories, developing hypotheses, collecting
observations (THO)
Tolerance of ambiguity - Answer -The ability to hold conflicting ideas in your minds
simultaneously without denying or dismissing any of them
Interest convergence - Answer -The majorities will only support when the interests is
good for them
Hypothesis - Answer -They derive from theory and can be tested.
Operationalization - Answer -The process of developing operational definitions
Observation - Answer -Hypothesis testing
Null hypothesis - Answer -Predicts no relationship between two variables
Paradigm - Answer -A fundamental model or scheme to organize our views of
something
Informed consent - Answer -A norm which subjects base their voluntary participation in
research project on a full understanding of the possible risks involved.
anonymity - Answer -when it is guaranteed in a research project that neither the
researchers nor the readers of the findings can identify a given response with a the
respondent
confidentiality - Answer -when the researcher can identify a given persons responses
but
promises not to do so publicly
debriefing - Answer -To inform the interviewing subject the purpose of the project;
Three purposes of research - Answer -explore, explain and describe
Nomothetic Causality - Answer -1) the variables must be correlated;
2) the causes takes place before effect;
3)avoid third variable effect
Agreement reality - Answer -The things we know but we don't experience
Epistemology - Answer -Science of knowing; systems of knowledge
Methodology - Answer -The science of finding out; procedures for scientific
investigation
Secondhand information - Answer -Tradition; authority
Overgeneralization - Answer -it happens on the basis of limited audience.
Two ways can help guard against it; seek a large sample of generalization; and
replication
Inaccurate observations - Answer -when we make observations, error cannot be
avoided;
use simple and complex measures;
Replication - Answer -repeating an experiment to reduce errors.
Selective Observation - Answer -only focusing on things that fit in the pattern;
Social science - Answer -seek to understand the aggregates or systems in which
people operate, which in turn explain why
people do what they do.
Theory - Answer -A systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a
particular aspect of life.
Attribute - Answer -A quality of a person or a thing, the Values a Variable Can Assume,
different levels of a variable
Variable - Answer -the element in social science experiments, it is composed of
attributes, any type of category you are trying to measure.
independent variable - Answer -a variable (often denoted by x ) that isn't changed by
the other variables you are trying to measure, age
Idiographic - Answer -Idio in the context means unique, separate, seeks to understand
its individual casual reasoning;
Nomothetic - Answer -Explains a set of situations rather than one, identifies a few
factors or independent
, variables that can causally explain variation in the dependent Variable. it is probabilistic
model If A, B, C then probably D at 75%
Inductive reasoning - Answer -grounded theory, nontraditional, observations, lead to
empirical generalizations, and applying theories (OGT)
Deduction - Answer -traditional, stating theories, developing hypotheses, collecting
observations (THO)
Tolerance of ambiguity - Answer -The ability to hold conflicting ideas in your minds
simultaneously without denying or dismissing any of them
Interest convergence - Answer -The majorities will only support when the interests is
good for them
Hypothesis - Answer -They derive from theory and can be tested.
Operationalization - Answer -The process of developing operational definitions
Observation - Answer -Hypothesis testing
Null hypothesis - Answer -Predicts no relationship between two variables
Paradigm - Answer -A fundamental model or scheme to organize our views of
something
Informed consent - Answer -A norm which subjects base their voluntary participation in
research project on a full understanding of the possible risks involved.
anonymity - Answer -when it is guaranteed in a research project that neither the
researchers nor the readers of the findings can identify a given response with a the
respondent
confidentiality - Answer -when the researcher can identify a given persons responses
but
promises not to do so publicly
debriefing - Answer -To inform the interviewing subject the purpose of the project;
Three purposes of research - Answer -explore, explain and describe
Nomothetic Causality - Answer -1) the variables must be correlated;
2) the causes takes place before effect;
3)avoid third variable effect
