BIO 251 – Anatomy & Physiology | Exam Q&A (40) | Metabolism, DNA Replication, Protein Synthesis – 2025/2026

This document includes 40 expertly solved exam questions for BIO 251: Anatomy & Physiology, Chapter 4, focused on the biochemical processes of metabolism and genetic expression. It thoroughly covers anabolism and catabolism, enzyme activity, ATP production, and the stages of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration are explained, with special attention to energy yield and conditions for each pathway. The second half of the document focuses on DNA replication and protein synthesis, detailing the roles of helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase, ligase, and exonuclease. It also breaks down mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA functions, as well as the processes of transcription and translation, using key terms such as triplet, codon, and anticodon. This Q&A resource is ideal for applying theory to exam-based recall and improving understanding of core molecular biology topics. Designed for students in Pre-Med, Nursing, Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, and Biology, this guide supports both introductory and advanced learners aiming to master cellular energetics and genetic mechanisms. Keywords: anabolism, catabolism, dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, enzymes, ATP, ADP, activation energy, cellular respiration, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, anaerobic respiration, DNA replication, helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase, Okazaki fragments, exonuclease, ligase, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, codon, anticodon, transcription, translation, triplet, gene, genome