NU606 EXAM 1 PULMONARY (2025/2026) ACTUAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ACCURATE SOLUTION (DETAILED & ELABORATED) |GET IT 100% ACCURATE!! 2025 TEST!!

NU606 EXAM 1 PULMONARY (2025/2026) ACTUAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ACCURATE SOLUTION (DETAILED & ELABORATED) |GET IT 100% ACCURATE!! 2025 TEST!! What are the alterations in lung volumes seen in restrictive lung disease? Answer Decreased FRC, Decreased TLC, Decreased FVC What is the primary function of the pulmonary system? Answer Exchange of gases in the environment and in the blood. What are the 3 steps involved in the pulmonary system? Answer Ventilation, Diffusion, and Perfusion. What is ventilation? Answer Movement of air into and out of the lungs. 1 What is diffusion? Answer Movement of gases between the air spaces in the lungs and the bloodstream. What is perfusion? Answer Movement of blood into and out of capillary beds of the lungs to the body organs and tissues. What structures are included in the pulmonary system? Answer 2 lungs, upper and lower airways, and the blood vessels that serve them; the chest wall (thoracic cage) and the diaphragm. What is the function of the cilia mucosa in the upper airways? Answer To warm, humidify, and remove foreign particles from the air. What happens when someone breathes through their mouth instead of their nose? Answer The warming, humidifying, and particle removal functions of the upper airways are less effective. 2 What happens to the internal muscles of the larynx during swallowing? Answer They contract to prevent aspiration into the trachea and contribute to the pitch of a person's voice. What is the mediastinum? Answer The space between the lungs that contains the heart, great vessels, and esophagus. What connects the larynx to the bronchi? Answer The trachea. Why do aspirated particles typically enter the right lung rather than the left? Answer Because the right lung is slightly larger and wider. What do the bronchi branch into? 3 Answer Bronchioles. How many lobes are in the right lung? Answer 3 (upper, middle, lower). How many lobes are in the left lung? Answer 2 (upper, lower). How are the lungs protected? Answer By a series of mechanical and cellular defenses. Why are the lungs not sterile? Answer There are microbes that survive in the lungs environment and make up the lung microbiome. What has been noted to cause changes in the lungs microbiome? 4 Answer Tobacco smoking, long term steroid use, and disease processes (like COPD, Cystic Fibrosis). What is the function of ciliated epithelial cells in the bronchioles? Answer To move mucus towards the trachea and pharynx for expectoration or swallowing. Continuous bases. Where are the alveoli located? Answer At the base of the airway, where gas exchange occurs. How many alveoli are present at birth? Adulthood? Answer About 50 million. Increases to 150 million. What are the two types of alveolar cells? Answer Type 1 (provides structure) and Type 2 (secretes surfactant). 5 What are alveolar cells? Answer Cells that provide structure and secrete surfactant. What is the function of surfactant secreted by alveolar cells? Answer To help with lung expansion, prevent atelectasis, control inflammation, prevent oxidative injury, regulate fibroblasts in airway remodeling, and have bacteriostatic properties. What is the most common symptom in pulmonary and cardiac disease? Answer Dyspnea. -Subjective (pts perception of a feeling of uncomfortable breathing). What is hypoventilation? Answer CO2 removal slower than CO2 production, so incr PaCO2 (hypercapnia). What is hyperventilation? 6 Answer Removing CO2 quicker than produces, so decr PaCO2 (hypocapnia). What is spirometry? Answer Measures volume and flow of air inhaled and exhaled. What is the most often used test result in pulmonary? Answer FVC (restrictive lung disease) and FEV1 (obstructive lung disease). What does oximetry measure? Answer Measure the hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the blood. What is the most accurate and complete test for pulmonary function? Answer ABG. What does capnography measure?