NU 606 EXAM(CARDIOVASCULAR) (2025/2026) COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ACCURATE SOLUTION (DETAILED & ELABORATED) |GET IT 100% ACCURATE | 2025/2026 TEST

NU 606 EXAM(CARDIOVASCULAR) (2025/2026) COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ACCURATE SOLUTION (DETAILED & ELABORATED) |GET IT 100% ACCURATE | 2025/2026 TEST What is atherosclerosis? Correct Answer Hardening and thickening of arterial wall. What is angina? Correct Answer Squeezing or choking of the chest related to ischemia. What is myocardial infarction? Correct Answer Necrosis of myocardial tissue. What is the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease? Correct Answer Supply/demand mismatch resulting in decreased oxygenation to the heart. 1 What is the incidence of coronary artery disease? Correct Answer Leading cause of cardiovascular death in the USA. What are the risk factors for coronary artery disease? Correct Answer DM, HTN, Hyperlipidemia, male female (until menopause), tobacco use, family history. What is the most common type of heart disease? Correct Answer Coronary artery disease. What are the predisposing factors for coronary artery disease? Correct Answer CAD, HTN, Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, Tobacco use, DM, Male gender (until after age 65), Family history, Hyperlipidemia, Sedentary lifestyle. What are the types of angina? Correct Answer Stable (chronic or classic) and Prinzmetal's (variant angina). 2 Describe stable angina. Correct Answer (Chronic or Classic): Intermittent chest pain with a predictable pattern, usually exercise-induced or emotional upset. Pain at rest is unusual. Pain lasts 1-5 minutes, may radiate to jaw, back, or arm. EKG may show ST depression. Nitro relieves pain. Can be controlled by lifestyle changes (BP, cholesterol, weight loss, no smoking) medications (like nitro, beta blockers, or CCBs). Describe Prinzmetal's angina. Correct Answer (Variant angina): Usually caused by spasm, hard to catch, can be caused by an increase of intracellular calcium levels. Can occur at rest. Pain can last up to 30mins. Usually happens at night, while patient is sleeping. More in women. Caused from a vasovagal sympathetic reaction. Typically NO atherosclerosis. EKG can show ST segment elevation if done during the event. What is the treatment for stable angina? Correct Answer Lifestyle changes (BP, cholesterol, weight loss, no smoking) and medications like nitro, beta blockers, or CCBs. 3 What is the treatment for Prinzmetal's angina? Correct Answer CCBs such as cardizem to manage symptoms. What is the typical duration of pain in stable angina? Correct Answer 1-5 minutes with a max of 10-20 minutes. What is the typical duration of pain in Prinzmetal's angina? Correct Answer Up to 30 minutes. What is the usual cause of stable angina? Correct Answer Atherosclerotic buildup (plaque). What is the usual cause of Prinzmetal's angina? Correct Answer Vasovagal sympathetic reaction, typically no atherosclerosis. What can an EKG show during stable angina? 4 Correct Answer ST depression. What can an EKG show during Prinzmetal's angina? Correct Answer ST segment elevation. What is unstable angina? Correct Answer (Preinfarction, rest or crescendo, or acute coronary syndrome): lasts longer than 20-30 minutes. The pain may be a new onset or more severe than stable angina. May occur at rest or with low levels of activity. Pattern of attacks usually progress with increased frequency, duration, and intensity. EKG may show ST depression. Nitrates are usually insufficient in relieving the pain. Management includes adherence to ACS guidelines and there is an increase risk of MI within 6 months of this angina. What is microvascular angina? Correct Answer (Syndrome X/metabolic syndrome) : angina that comes from small coronary arteries that you may not see during a cardiac cath. CP mimics angina. Could cause a positive exercise stress test, but no evidence of an abnormal angiogram or coronary 5 spasm. Often females who have small vessel disease or have had DM for a long time. Tx with Renexa. What is the 'P-Q-R-S-T' method of pain assessment? Correct Answer -Provocative (what elicits the pain). -Quality (what it feels like or other assoc. symptoms). -Region or radiation (where is the pain and does it go anywhere) -Severity (1-10, if pain is gone what made it go away). -Timing to treatment (how did pain begin, how long did it last, what helped it) What are the three subclassifications of acute coronary syndrome? Correct Answer Unstable angina, non-ST elevation MI, ST segment MI. What are the characteristics of unstable angina? Correct Answer new onset, or change in pattern or frequency What are the characteristics of NSTEMI? 6 Correct Answer ● +/- angina, may be a "silent" MI ● Elevated enzymes ● No ST segment elevation on 12 lead EKG What are the characteristics of STEMI? Correct Answer ● CP/angina not relieved with NTG ● Elevated Enzymes ● ST elevation on an EKG What are some cardiovascular causes of chest pain? Correct Answer Myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, angina/ischemia, valvular rupture, pericarditis, endocarditis, Printzmetal. What are some miscellaneous causes of chest pain? Correct Answer Pulmonary embolism, cholecystitis, GERD, costochondritis, pleural effusion, anxiety. What should be done next in the diagnostic framework?