EXAM 2: NU606 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (DETAILED & ELABORATED) ACTUAL EXAM 2025 TEST 100% SOLVED 2025

EXAM 2: NU606 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (DETAILED & ELABORATED) ACTUAL EXAM 2025 TEST 100% SOLVED 2025 What are opportunistic pathogens? Correct Answer Only affects you when your immune system is trash, e.g those with HIV/AIDs (Usually die of secondary infection) What are prions? Correct Answer No genome, proteins Can cause disease Can also cause normal proteins to change shape and become new prions (if ingested) *Mad cow disease What are prion-associated diseases Correct Answer 1. Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease 2. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease 1 3. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, Mad Cow Disease) 4. Kuru - All of them cause the brain to look like a sponge - ALL cause cognitive impairment How are viruses different than bacteria? Correct Answer - Some have envelopes, if they don't they're considered naked - Submicroscopic infectious agents that have either DNA or RNA - Capsid protects virus when it is NOT inside host cell (i.e. Hanging onto the door knob) What is bacteria? Correct Answer Prokaryote -W/o nuclei and no membrane-bound organelles -Produce biofilm: Collection of bacteria on surface -Contain RNA and DNA -Bacteria with plasmids can give an "edge"; codes for resistance to certain antibiotics - Use hosts for food and shelter 2 Are most fungal infections on the surface of the body? Correct Answer Yes What are fomites? Correct Answer inanimate objects that can spread disease such as a doorknob, clothing, countertop etc What are zoonoses Correct Answer diseaes of animals that can spread to humans How do pathogenic microbes get into the body? Correct Answer Depends on the microbe, but in general, they can be ingested, inhaled or get in through vaginal fluid or semen. What are virulence factors? How do they allow bacteria to be pathogenic? Correct Answer Allow bacteria to be pathogenic 3 - Destroy some part of the host, making it easier to get in or replicate i.e. Lipase - digest oil on skin Where do bacteria endotoxins come from? What do they cause? Correct Answer Endotoxins cause host immunize reactions What are bacterial exotoxins? What do they do to host cells? Correct Answer - Proteins released by bacteria - Damage or kill host cells What is sepsis? Correct Answer toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection in the blood If a word ends in itis, what does that mean? 4 Correct Answer Inflammation, may or may not be due to infection What are the major mechanisms in which antibiotics inhibit or kill bacteria? Correct Answer - Cell wall synthesis - Protein Synthesis - Nucleic acid synthesis - Metabolism How do bacteria fight back? Correct Answer - Break down antibiotics - Altering antibiotic binding sites - Using different metabolic pathways - Changing cell walls to keep antibiotics out How do antivirals work? Correct Answer Inhibit -Viral RNA and DNA synthesis 5 -Viral enzymes -Viral binding to cells - Production of capsids of new viruses Bacterial endotoxins come from_______________. A. The lipids from the outer membrane of a Gram negative bacterial cell wall B. Proteins from Gram positive bacteria C. Viruses D. None of the above Correct Answer A. The lipids from the outer membrane of a Gram negative bacterial cell wall. True or False: All interactions between humans and microorganisms are detrimental. Correct Answer False, some microorganisms perform important functions for their human hosts, like producing vitamins, assisting digestion, or preventing harmful pathogens from entering host. Which pathogen is an intracellular parasite consisting of a protein coat surrounding a nucleic acid? 6 A. Prion B. Virus C. Bacteria D. Protozoa Correct Answer B. Virus True or False: Certain bacterial cells release proteins called endotoxins during growth. Correct Answer False; endotoxins are proteins; endotoxins contain no protein (they are composed of lipids and polysaccharides). Endotoxins are not released during bacterial cell growth. Which type of infections are treated based upon the results of a Gram stain? A. Fungal B. Viral C. Bacterial D. Parasitic Correct Answer C. Bacterial