PSIO 202 Exam 4 actual Question and
answers already passed 2025/2026
Function of the kidney - correct answer ✔-regulation of ions
-regulation of pH
-regulation of blood glucose
- regulation of blood volume/ blood pressure
- release of erythropoietin and calcitrol
-excrete wastes
what do kidneys perform their action on? - correct answer ✔blood plasma
Functional Unit if the kidney - correct answer ✔Nephron: number remains constant from birth, they
just get bigger if demand goes up
Renal Corpuscle - correct answer ✔Glomerulus: capillaries where filtration occurs
Glomerular( Bowmans Capsule) : collects filtrate that is isotonic to blood
Renal Tubule - correct answer ✔site of reabsorption and secretion of filtrate
Cortical Nephron - correct answer ✔80-85% of nephrons
- mainly stay in the cortex; only a little in medulla
-just ascending and descending loop of henle
- has peritubular cappilaries
Juxtamedullary Nephron - correct answer ✔15-20% of nephrons
,- go deep into the medulla
- enabling excretion of dilute or concentrated urine
- has vasa recta capillaries
What controls the regulation of blood flow - correct answer ✔sympathetic nervous system
Microvilli on epithelium on: - correct answer ✔PCT cells and intercalated disks of collecting ducts
Cuboidal Cells are on: - correct answer ✔PCT, thick ascending loop, DCT
Squamous Cells are found on: - correct answer ✔renal corpuslce
Hormone receptors are found on - correct answer ✔DCT and Principle cells of the collecting duct
Rate of excretion - correct answer ✔Rate= glomerlular filtration+ rate of secretion- rate of reabsorption
Filtration Barrier - correct answer ✔1) Fenestrations- lets everything through
- made by pedicle
2) Basal Lamina- blocks large proteins
3) Slit Membrane- blocks medium proteins
Factors that enhance filtering capacity - correct answer ✔1) thinness of membrane
2 large surface area of glomerular capillaries
3 high glomerular capillariy blood pressure
, Net filtration Pressure - correct answer ✔NFP= GBHP-( CHP+BCOP)
- NFP depends most on glomerular blood pressure (GBHP) which will increase Glomerlular filtration rate
Juxtaglomerluar apparatus - correct answer ✔where the afferent arteriole makes contact with the DCT-
connection called macula densa
How to regulate GFR - correct answer ✔1. Autoregulation
2. Neural Regulation
3. Hormonal Regulation
Autoregulation - correct answer ✔mechanisms that maintain constant GFR despite changes in arteriole
BP
increase afferent arteriole BP ^ GFR
1. Myogenic Mechanism ( fast) ^ GFR
-systemic smooth muscle contraction reduces diameter
2. Tubuloglomerular Feedback (slower) reduces GFR
- macula densa in ascending limb detects ^ Na and Cl levels> inhibits the vasodilator nitric oxide> lowers
GFR
Neural Regulation - correct answer ✔Sympathetic Fibers cause vasoconstriction
- release NE which bind to alpha 1 adrenergic receptors
- SNS can override auto regulation
- at rest vessels are dilated
- moderate stimulation: both efferent and afferent are constricted
- Maximum stimulation: afferent dominated. GFR is lowered to promote blood flow other places
Hormonal Regulation - correct answer ✔Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ( ^GFR)
answers already passed 2025/2026
Function of the kidney - correct answer ✔-regulation of ions
-regulation of pH
-regulation of blood glucose
- regulation of blood volume/ blood pressure
- release of erythropoietin and calcitrol
-excrete wastes
what do kidneys perform their action on? - correct answer ✔blood plasma
Functional Unit if the kidney - correct answer ✔Nephron: number remains constant from birth, they
just get bigger if demand goes up
Renal Corpuscle - correct answer ✔Glomerulus: capillaries where filtration occurs
Glomerular( Bowmans Capsule) : collects filtrate that is isotonic to blood
Renal Tubule - correct answer ✔site of reabsorption and secretion of filtrate
Cortical Nephron - correct answer ✔80-85% of nephrons
- mainly stay in the cortex; only a little in medulla
-just ascending and descending loop of henle
- has peritubular cappilaries
Juxtamedullary Nephron - correct answer ✔15-20% of nephrons
,- go deep into the medulla
- enabling excretion of dilute or concentrated urine
- has vasa recta capillaries
What controls the regulation of blood flow - correct answer ✔sympathetic nervous system
Microvilli on epithelium on: - correct answer ✔PCT cells and intercalated disks of collecting ducts
Cuboidal Cells are on: - correct answer ✔PCT, thick ascending loop, DCT
Squamous Cells are found on: - correct answer ✔renal corpuslce
Hormone receptors are found on - correct answer ✔DCT and Principle cells of the collecting duct
Rate of excretion - correct answer ✔Rate= glomerlular filtration+ rate of secretion- rate of reabsorption
Filtration Barrier - correct answer ✔1) Fenestrations- lets everything through
- made by pedicle
2) Basal Lamina- blocks large proteins
3) Slit Membrane- blocks medium proteins
Factors that enhance filtering capacity - correct answer ✔1) thinness of membrane
2 large surface area of glomerular capillaries
3 high glomerular capillariy blood pressure
, Net filtration Pressure - correct answer ✔NFP= GBHP-( CHP+BCOP)
- NFP depends most on glomerular blood pressure (GBHP) which will increase Glomerlular filtration rate
Juxtaglomerluar apparatus - correct answer ✔where the afferent arteriole makes contact with the DCT-
connection called macula densa
How to regulate GFR - correct answer ✔1. Autoregulation
2. Neural Regulation
3. Hormonal Regulation
Autoregulation - correct answer ✔mechanisms that maintain constant GFR despite changes in arteriole
BP
increase afferent arteriole BP ^ GFR
1. Myogenic Mechanism ( fast) ^ GFR
-systemic smooth muscle contraction reduces diameter
2. Tubuloglomerular Feedback (slower) reduces GFR
- macula densa in ascending limb detects ^ Na and Cl levels> inhibits the vasodilator nitric oxide> lowers
GFR
Neural Regulation - correct answer ✔Sympathetic Fibers cause vasoconstriction
- release NE which bind to alpha 1 adrenergic receptors
- SNS can override auto regulation
- at rest vessels are dilated
- moderate stimulation: both efferent and afferent are constricted
- Maximum stimulation: afferent dominated. GFR is lowered to promote blood flow other places
Hormonal Regulation - correct answer ✔Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ( ^GFR)
