CPCE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
nigrescence - (ANSWER)the process of developing a black identity, moving from a eurocentric
perspective, developed by William E. Cross Jr.
preencounter - (ANSWER)the first stage of the Cross black identity development model characterized by
anti-Black attitudes and a positive White orientation
encounter - (ANSWER)the second stage of the Cross black identity development model, characterized by
a specific experience that prompts the Black individual to begin to notice and question his or her racial
identity
immersion/emersion - (ANSWER)the third stage of the Cross black identity development model,
characterized by a response to conflict and anxiety from the encounter status, which prompts the
individual to retreat and embrace symbols and artifacts of Black identity, and then develop a more
sophisticated Black identity
internalization - (ANSWER)the fourth stage of the Cross black identity development model, when the
Black individual is more accepting of his racial identity and integrates it with other cultural identities
internalization on commitment - (ANSWER)the fifth stage of the Cross black identity development
model, represented by the individual being an advocate for Black issues
Helms POCRID - (ANSWER)applied Cross' Nigrescence model to all people of color
conformity - (ANSWER)first stage of POCRID, when individuals of color may embrace racial stereotypes,
blaming people of color for their problems. Individuals at this status may not socialize with other people
of color. there is no awareness of racism
dissonance - (ANSWER)second stage of POCRID, experience a crisis that increases their awareness that
racism exists. conflict may lead individuals of color to appreciate aspects of their respective racial groups
and distrust the dominant racial group
,CPCE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Helms immersion - (ANSWER)third stage of POCRID, individuals in this status actively reject White
culture and have increased racial pride, retreating in their own racial group practices
Helms internalization - (ANSWER)fourth stage of POCRID, individuals increasingly identify with
individuals of other oppressed identities and develop an individualized racial self-concept. individuals
interact with Whites more flexibly and objectivity
integrative awareness - (ANSWER)fifth stage of POCRID, individuals develop a more complex view of all
racial groups and work to eliminate all forms of oppression. this status differs from Cross' last status,
which focuses on advocacy for Black issues only
WRID - (ANSWER)white racial identity development, developed by Helms and Hardiman
contact - (ANSWER)first stage of WRID, whites in this status are unaware that racism exists and deny
race plays a role in their interactions with others
disintegration - (ANSWER)second stage of WRID, whites become uncomfortable with the notion of racial
superiority. Similar to the second status of minority racial identity development models, there is a
racialized vent that increases Whites' awareness that racism exists, creating feelings of anxiety, guilt,
and/or anger
reintegration - (ANSWER)third stage of WRID, whites that experience this status typically try to lessen
the anxiety experienced in the disintegration status and demonstrate intolerance and anger toward
those of different racial groups
pseudo independence - (ANSWER)fourth stage of WRID, whites may move toward this status, whereas
they address conflict by making a superficial commitment to racism issues. However, there are often
discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors toward other racial groups: they do not "walk the talk,"
wite immersion - (ANSWER)fifth stage of WRID, whites in this status renew their efforts to address
racism and redefine their "Whiteness." This status involves increased self-reflection and self-
understanding of individuals' role in perpetuating racial privilege
, CPCE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
autonomy - (ANSWER)sixth stage of WRID, advocacy for Whites: Whites strive to relinquish some of
their White privilege and dismantle the racist status quo
Helms' racial interaction theory - (ANSWER)conceptualized how Whites and people of color, at various
racial identity development statuses, might interact and if those interactions would be adaptive or
maladaptive
parallel interactions - (ANSWER)both individuals are at similar racial identity statuses, resulting in more
harmonious race-based communications.
regressive interactions - (ANSWER)one individual (typically the one with more social power) is at a lower
racial identity status than the other individual. this creates frustration and leads to early termination in a
counseling setting
progressive interactions - (ANSWER)one individual of a higher social power exhibiting a more advanced
racial identity status than the other individual. this creates an interaction whereby race and culture may
be addressed in counseling, thereby facilitating the racial identity development process for both
individuals
naivete - (ANSWER)this initial stage is characterized by Whites categorizing others by racial groups and
receiving and transmitting messages about power and privilege
acceptance - (ANSWER)whites believe that there is an equal opportunity for all racial groups, although
they hold White values as the gold standard for others to follow
resistance - (ANSWER)whites experience conflict and anxiety about their beliefs of equal opportunity, as
they engage in significant and meaningful cross-racial interactions
redefinition - (ANSWER)involves a self-reflective process about Whites' ethnic identity membership.
Whites increase their understanding of their ethnic identities independent of their attitudes toward
other racial/ethnic groups
nigrescence - (ANSWER)the process of developing a black identity, moving from a eurocentric
perspective, developed by William E. Cross Jr.
preencounter - (ANSWER)the first stage of the Cross black identity development model characterized by
anti-Black attitudes and a positive White orientation
encounter - (ANSWER)the second stage of the Cross black identity development model, characterized by
a specific experience that prompts the Black individual to begin to notice and question his or her racial
identity
immersion/emersion - (ANSWER)the third stage of the Cross black identity development model,
characterized by a response to conflict and anxiety from the encounter status, which prompts the
individual to retreat and embrace symbols and artifacts of Black identity, and then develop a more
sophisticated Black identity
internalization - (ANSWER)the fourth stage of the Cross black identity development model, when the
Black individual is more accepting of his racial identity and integrates it with other cultural identities
internalization on commitment - (ANSWER)the fifth stage of the Cross black identity development
model, represented by the individual being an advocate for Black issues
Helms POCRID - (ANSWER)applied Cross' Nigrescence model to all people of color
conformity - (ANSWER)first stage of POCRID, when individuals of color may embrace racial stereotypes,
blaming people of color for their problems. Individuals at this status may not socialize with other people
of color. there is no awareness of racism
dissonance - (ANSWER)second stage of POCRID, experience a crisis that increases their awareness that
racism exists. conflict may lead individuals of color to appreciate aspects of their respective racial groups
and distrust the dominant racial group
,CPCE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Helms immersion - (ANSWER)third stage of POCRID, individuals in this status actively reject White
culture and have increased racial pride, retreating in their own racial group practices
Helms internalization - (ANSWER)fourth stage of POCRID, individuals increasingly identify with
individuals of other oppressed identities and develop an individualized racial self-concept. individuals
interact with Whites more flexibly and objectivity
integrative awareness - (ANSWER)fifth stage of POCRID, individuals develop a more complex view of all
racial groups and work to eliminate all forms of oppression. this status differs from Cross' last status,
which focuses on advocacy for Black issues only
WRID - (ANSWER)white racial identity development, developed by Helms and Hardiman
contact - (ANSWER)first stage of WRID, whites in this status are unaware that racism exists and deny
race plays a role in their interactions with others
disintegration - (ANSWER)second stage of WRID, whites become uncomfortable with the notion of racial
superiority. Similar to the second status of minority racial identity development models, there is a
racialized vent that increases Whites' awareness that racism exists, creating feelings of anxiety, guilt,
and/or anger
reintegration - (ANSWER)third stage of WRID, whites that experience this status typically try to lessen
the anxiety experienced in the disintegration status and demonstrate intolerance and anger toward
those of different racial groups
pseudo independence - (ANSWER)fourth stage of WRID, whites may move toward this status, whereas
they address conflict by making a superficial commitment to racism issues. However, there are often
discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors toward other racial groups: they do not "walk the talk,"
wite immersion - (ANSWER)fifth stage of WRID, whites in this status renew their efforts to address
racism and redefine their "Whiteness." This status involves increased self-reflection and self-
understanding of individuals' role in perpetuating racial privilege
, CPCE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
autonomy - (ANSWER)sixth stage of WRID, advocacy for Whites: Whites strive to relinquish some of
their White privilege and dismantle the racist status quo
Helms' racial interaction theory - (ANSWER)conceptualized how Whites and people of color, at various
racial identity development statuses, might interact and if those interactions would be adaptive or
maladaptive
parallel interactions - (ANSWER)both individuals are at similar racial identity statuses, resulting in more
harmonious race-based communications.
regressive interactions - (ANSWER)one individual (typically the one with more social power) is at a lower
racial identity status than the other individual. this creates frustration and leads to early termination in a
counseling setting
progressive interactions - (ANSWER)one individual of a higher social power exhibiting a more advanced
racial identity status than the other individual. this creates an interaction whereby race and culture may
be addressed in counseling, thereby facilitating the racial identity development process for both
individuals
naivete - (ANSWER)this initial stage is characterized by Whites categorizing others by racial groups and
receiving and transmitting messages about power and privilege
acceptance - (ANSWER)whites believe that there is an equal opportunity for all racial groups, although
they hold White values as the gold standard for others to follow
resistance - (ANSWER)whites experience conflict and anxiety about their beliefs of equal opportunity, as
they engage in significant and meaningful cross-racial interactions
redefinition - (ANSWER)involves a self-reflective process about Whites' ethnic identity membership.
Whites increase their understanding of their ethnic identities independent of their attitudes toward
other racial/ethnic groups
