Test Bank for Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children 8th Edition by Kathryn L. McCance Complete

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK `n `n `n `n `n




Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
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MULTIPLE CHOICE `n




1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
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a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
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b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
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ANS: C `n



In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from
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theirsurroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of
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cellular metabolic absorption.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 2 `n




2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
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a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome `n `n ` n




ANS: C `n



The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA,
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most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which
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regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a cell’s genetic
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information.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 2 `n




3. Which component of the cell prodNuU
ceRsSIhNyGdTroBg.CenOM
`n peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n



`n to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
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a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes ` n




ANS: B `n



Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to
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remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces
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H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes
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from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
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synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear
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envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate
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from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases,
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which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
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Oxyhydrosomesare involved in enzyme production.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 8 `n




4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during
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cellinjury?
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a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum `n `n



b. Golgi complex `n d. Lysosomes
` n




ANS: D `n




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The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive
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enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the
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cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury
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leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific
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substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The other options do not correctly describe
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thisprocess.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Pages 7-8 `n




5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the
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`n pancreascells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
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a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
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theribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the
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cell membrane.
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b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
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lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the
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cellmembrane.
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c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the
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ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell
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membrane.`n



d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
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Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cell
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membrane.`n




ANS: A `n



The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
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ribosomefor synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane.
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The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 7 | Figure 1-5 `n `n `n `n




6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
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a. G1 c. G2
b. S d. M ` n




ANS: B `n



The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the
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period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S
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phase(S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2
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phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the
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completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which
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includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 37 `n




7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting
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asreceptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
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a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates ` n




ANS: C `n




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Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in
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andout of the cell; (2) pores or transport channels for various electrically charged
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particles called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and
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monosaccharides; and
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(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration of
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certainions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations of
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otherions, for example, sodium (Na+), below the concentrations found in the
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extracellular environment. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 13 | Page 15 `n `n `n `n




8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n



apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for
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whichhuman diseases?
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a. Cardiac and vascular disorders `n `n `n



b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders `n `n `n



c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders `n `n `n



d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders `n `n `n




ANS: B `n



Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n



interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human
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diseases,including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. The other
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options donot correctly describe this process.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: Page 15 `n `n `n `n




9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
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membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains `n c. Membrane channel proteins `n `n



b. Glycoprotein channels `n d. Lipid bilayer
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ANS: D `n



The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma
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membrane. It is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve
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inwater) because the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The
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bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while
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allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to
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diffuse through it readily. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Pages 12-13 `n




10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
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a. How a cell membrane functions `n `n `n `n



b. Why our bodies appear to be solid `n `n `n `n `n `n



c. How tissue is differentiated `n `n `n



d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments
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ANS: A `n



The fluid mosaic model accounts for the flexibility of cellular membranes, their
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self-sealing properties, and their impermeability to many substances. The
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remainingoptions do not explain the mosaic model.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 12 | What's New box `n `n `n `n `n




11. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and
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withother cells in direct physical contact?
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a. Protein channel (gap junction) `n `n `n



b. Plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
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c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters `n `n `n `n



d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands `n `n `n `n `n




ANS: A `n



Cells communicate by using hundreds of kinds of signal molecules, for example,
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insulin.Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane–bound
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signalingmolecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct
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physical contact. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 20 `n




12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells
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somedistance away?
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a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. Hormonal ` n




ANS: D `n



Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator,
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(2)hormone, and (3) neurotransmitter. In the local-chemical mediator model, the secreted
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chemical acts on the cells in the immediate environment. Hormones are used for
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communication with distant targetNcUeRllSsI.NFGoTrBe.xCaOmMple, cells can secrete a chemical and
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rely on the blood system to deliver the signal to a distant cell. Finally, neurotransmitters
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are secreted by neurons to stimulate an adjoining cell. For example, a neuron might
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secrete acetylcholine to stimulate the movement of a muscle cell.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 20 `n




13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly
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takenup, destroyed, or immobilized?
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a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. Hormone ` n




ANS: A `n



In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken
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up,destroyed, or immobilized. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 20 `n




14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding `n `n `n `n `n `n



to: `n



a. Lipids c. Amphipathic lipids `n



b. Ribosomes d. Receptors ` n




ANS: D `n



In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching
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toits receptors. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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