Diabetes - Nursing 112 Latest Exam
||Questions And Correct
Answers||Graded A+
Diabetes mellitus -CORRECT ANSWER - Common chronic disease of adults requiring
continuing medical supervision and patient self-care education
- Primary disorder of glucose metabolism related to absent or insufficient insulin
supplies and/or poor utilization of the insulin that is available
- Related to: abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, OR both
Pancreas -CORRECT ANSWER - Body organ that secretes digestive enzymes
- Secretes hormones insulin and glucagon
- Contains Islets of Langerhans (alpha cells- glucagon, beta cells- insulin)
Glucagon -CORRECT ANSWER - Counterregulatory hormone to insulin
- Causes release of glucose from cell storage when levels are low
Insulin -CORRECT ANSWER - Binds to insulin receptors on the cells membrane
- Allows glucose to move from the blood into the cells to be used as energy
- In the liver (promotes glycogenesis, inhibits glycogenolysis, inhibits ketogenesis,
inhibits gluconeogenesis)
- In muscle: promotes protein and glycogen synthesis
- In fat cells: promotes triglyceride storage
- Keeps blood glucose levels from rising too high and helps keep blood lipid levels in the
normal range
Basal insulin secretions -CORRECT ANSWER Release of insulin is constant at low
levels when fasting
Prandial insulin secretions -CORRECT ANSWER Insulin levels increase after eating
Absence of insulin clinical presentation -CORRECT ANSWER Hyperglycemia, polyuria,
polydipsia, polyphagia, metabolic acidosis, Kussmaul respirations, hemoconcentration,
hypovolemia, hyperviscosity, hypoperfusion, hypoxia, alter potassium levels
Glucose -CORRECT ANSWER - Simple sugar
- Provides energy to all cells in the body
- Enters the cells from the blood to be used as fuel
Ketones -CORRECT ANSWER - Byproduct of fat metabolism for energy
- Leads to metabolic acidosis
, Prediabetes -CORRECT ANSWER - Glucose levels are higher than normal, but not
enough for a diagnosis of diabetes
- Blood glucose greater than 100 mg/dl and less than 126 mg/dl
- Used to identify those at risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes
- Increased levels of Fasting Blood Glucose (HgBA1C) and impaired glucose tolerance
(IGT)
Type 1 DM -CORRECT ANSWER - Little or no insulin is produced by the pancreas
- Formerly known as juvenile onset or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
- Most often occurs in people under 30 y/o
Type 1 DM etiology and pathophysiology -CORRECT ANSWER - Result of pancreatic
islet cell destruction and a total deficit of circulating insulin
- T-cells attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells
- Autoantibodies cause a reduction of 80% to 90% of normal beta cell function before
manifestations occur
- Causes: genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus, unknown nonimmune factors
Type 1 DM clinical manifestations -CORRECT ANSWER - Weight loss
- Classic triad signs of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)
- Weakness and fatigue
- Ketoacidosis
Classic triad of s/sx of hyperglycemia -CORRECT ANSWER Polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia
Type 1 DM treatment -CORRECT ANSWER Requires insulin injections for LIFE
Type 2 DM -CORRECT ANSWER - Formerly known as non-insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM) or "adult onset"
- Encompasses over 90% of persons with diabetes
- 80% to 90% of patients are overweight at time of diagnosis
- Pancreas continues to produce some endogenous insulin, insulin is produced in
insufficient quantity AND/OR insulin is poorly used by the tissues (insulin resistance)
Type 2 DM risk factors -CORRECT ANSWER - Obesity, especially abd. and visceral
adiposity
- Apple-shaped figure
- Age-risk increases over 45
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Family history
- Impaired glucose tolerance
- Ethnic ancestry
- HTN, high cholesterol, previous gestational diabetes
||Questions And Correct
Answers||Graded A+
Diabetes mellitus -CORRECT ANSWER - Common chronic disease of adults requiring
continuing medical supervision and patient self-care education
- Primary disorder of glucose metabolism related to absent or insufficient insulin
supplies and/or poor utilization of the insulin that is available
- Related to: abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, OR both
Pancreas -CORRECT ANSWER - Body organ that secretes digestive enzymes
- Secretes hormones insulin and glucagon
- Contains Islets of Langerhans (alpha cells- glucagon, beta cells- insulin)
Glucagon -CORRECT ANSWER - Counterregulatory hormone to insulin
- Causes release of glucose from cell storage when levels are low
Insulin -CORRECT ANSWER - Binds to insulin receptors on the cells membrane
- Allows glucose to move from the blood into the cells to be used as energy
- In the liver (promotes glycogenesis, inhibits glycogenolysis, inhibits ketogenesis,
inhibits gluconeogenesis)
- In muscle: promotes protein and glycogen synthesis
- In fat cells: promotes triglyceride storage
- Keeps blood glucose levels from rising too high and helps keep blood lipid levels in the
normal range
Basal insulin secretions -CORRECT ANSWER Release of insulin is constant at low
levels when fasting
Prandial insulin secretions -CORRECT ANSWER Insulin levels increase after eating
Absence of insulin clinical presentation -CORRECT ANSWER Hyperglycemia, polyuria,
polydipsia, polyphagia, metabolic acidosis, Kussmaul respirations, hemoconcentration,
hypovolemia, hyperviscosity, hypoperfusion, hypoxia, alter potassium levels
Glucose -CORRECT ANSWER - Simple sugar
- Provides energy to all cells in the body
- Enters the cells from the blood to be used as fuel
Ketones -CORRECT ANSWER - Byproduct of fat metabolism for energy
- Leads to metabolic acidosis
, Prediabetes -CORRECT ANSWER - Glucose levels are higher than normal, but not
enough for a diagnosis of diabetes
- Blood glucose greater than 100 mg/dl and less than 126 mg/dl
- Used to identify those at risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes
- Increased levels of Fasting Blood Glucose (HgBA1C) and impaired glucose tolerance
(IGT)
Type 1 DM -CORRECT ANSWER - Little or no insulin is produced by the pancreas
- Formerly known as juvenile onset or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
- Most often occurs in people under 30 y/o
Type 1 DM etiology and pathophysiology -CORRECT ANSWER - Result of pancreatic
islet cell destruction and a total deficit of circulating insulin
- T-cells attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells
- Autoantibodies cause a reduction of 80% to 90% of normal beta cell function before
manifestations occur
- Causes: genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus, unknown nonimmune factors
Type 1 DM clinical manifestations -CORRECT ANSWER - Weight loss
- Classic triad signs of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)
- Weakness and fatigue
- Ketoacidosis
Classic triad of s/sx of hyperglycemia -CORRECT ANSWER Polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia
Type 1 DM treatment -CORRECT ANSWER Requires insulin injections for LIFE
Type 2 DM -CORRECT ANSWER - Formerly known as non-insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM) or "adult onset"
- Encompasses over 90% of persons with diabetes
- 80% to 90% of patients are overweight at time of diagnosis
- Pancreas continues to produce some endogenous insulin, insulin is produced in
insufficient quantity AND/OR insulin is poorly used by the tissues (insulin resistance)
Type 2 DM risk factors -CORRECT ANSWER - Obesity, especially abd. and visceral
adiposity
- Apple-shaped figure
- Age-risk increases over 45
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Family history
- Impaired glucose tolerance
- Ethnic ancestry
- HTN, high cholesterol, previous gestational diabetes
