NURS 519A - Exam 2 ACTUAL
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
What are the key labs associated with hematological disorders? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅RBC, WBC, plasma, platelets, INR, PT, PTT, and neutrophils.
What does a low neutrophil count indicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Increased risk for
infection.
What does a CBC test identify? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Total number of blood cells
(leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets), Hgb, Hct, and RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC).
What is the intrinsic pathway in coagulation? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Factors within
the blood that trigger platelet clumping and the coagulation cascade, monitored by PTT.
What is the extrinsic pathway in coagulation? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Factors outside
the cell that stimulate platelet plug formation, causing quicker clotting, monitored by PT.
What is the purpose of the INR? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅To measure PT and evaluate
the effectiveness of oral anticoagulant therapy.
What is the therapeutic INR range for patients on warfarin therapy? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅2 to 3; for those with mechanical prosthetic heart valves, 2.5 to 3.5.
What does anti-Xa activity measure? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅The inhibitory effect on
factor Xa, reflecting inhibition of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
What is the general definition of anemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅A condition
characterized by low levels of healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body.
,What assessments are important for anemic patients? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Physical
exam, vital signs, pica, family history, and blood tests (CBC, H&H, serum ferritin, iron,
TIBC, MCV, serum B12, MMA, RBC folate, platelets).
What symptoms might be found in anemic patients? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Pallor,
fatigue, pale/yellowish skin, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, chest pain, cold extremities,
headaches, and specific symptoms for vitamin B12 anemia.
What does pancytopenia indicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅A low count of all three
blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Who is at risk for bleeding? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Patients on anticoagulants, with
low platelets, recent trauma or surgery, or certain chronic conditions (like liver or kidney
disease).
What should be monitored for patients at risk for bleeding? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Signs of bleeding, such as bruising, prolonged bleeding, and any changes in
vital signs.
What are the components of the intrinsic pathway? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Substances
within the blood that initiate platelet clumping and trigger the coagulation cascade.
What are the components of the extrinsic pathway? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Elements
outside the cell that stimulate platelet plug formation due to tissue trauma.
What is the role of prothrombin in the coagulation cascade? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅It
is converted to thrombin, which then acts on fibrinogen to produce fibrin for clot formation.
What is the significance of the 'fishbone' or 'skeleton' diagram in hematology? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅It is a visual representation used to summarize lab results related to blood
components.
What is the Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC)? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅A lab test
that measures the blood's capacity to bind iron with transferrin.
, What are common neurological symptoms associated with vitamin B12 anemia? -
CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Neurological symptoms may include numbness, tingling,
balance issues, and cognitive disturbances.
What does the term 'pica' refer to in the context of anemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅A
mental health condition where a person compulsively swallows non-food items.
What is the importance of assessing family history in anemic patients? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅It can help identify potential genetic or hereditary factors contributing to
anemia.
What are some symptoms of bleeding disorders? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Dark stools
or blood in urine, excessive bleeding that does not stop with pressure, increased bruising,
petechiae, and heavy menstrual bleeding.
What is a common symptom of inherited hemophilia? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Redness, swelling, stiffness, or pain from bleeding into muscles or joints.
What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Type 1:
Immediate Hypersensitivity (IgE-mediated), Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity (Antibody-
mediated), Type 3: Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity, Type 4: Delayed-Type
Hypersensitivity (Cell-mediated).
What characterizes Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅They
are immediate reactions occurring within minutes to hours after exposure to an allergen, such
as pollen or food.
What is an example of a Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Hemolytic transfusion reactions and some autoimmune diseases.
What occurs during Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Immune complexes deposit in tissues, activating the complement system and
leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
What are the key labs associated with hematological disorders? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅RBC, WBC, plasma, platelets, INR, PT, PTT, and neutrophils.
What does a low neutrophil count indicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Increased risk for
infection.
What does a CBC test identify? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Total number of blood cells
(leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets), Hgb, Hct, and RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC).
What is the intrinsic pathway in coagulation? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Factors within
the blood that trigger platelet clumping and the coagulation cascade, monitored by PTT.
What is the extrinsic pathway in coagulation? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Factors outside
the cell that stimulate platelet plug formation, causing quicker clotting, monitored by PT.
What is the purpose of the INR? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅To measure PT and evaluate
the effectiveness of oral anticoagulant therapy.
What is the therapeutic INR range for patients on warfarin therapy? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅2 to 3; for those with mechanical prosthetic heart valves, 2.5 to 3.5.
What does anti-Xa activity measure? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅The inhibitory effect on
factor Xa, reflecting inhibition of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
What is the general definition of anemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅A condition
characterized by low levels of healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body.
,What assessments are important for anemic patients? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Physical
exam, vital signs, pica, family history, and blood tests (CBC, H&H, serum ferritin, iron,
TIBC, MCV, serum B12, MMA, RBC folate, platelets).
What symptoms might be found in anemic patients? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Pallor,
fatigue, pale/yellowish skin, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, chest pain, cold extremities,
headaches, and specific symptoms for vitamin B12 anemia.
What does pancytopenia indicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅A low count of all three
blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Who is at risk for bleeding? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Patients on anticoagulants, with
low platelets, recent trauma or surgery, or certain chronic conditions (like liver or kidney
disease).
What should be monitored for patients at risk for bleeding? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Signs of bleeding, such as bruising, prolonged bleeding, and any changes in
vital signs.
What are the components of the intrinsic pathway? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Substances
within the blood that initiate platelet clumping and trigger the coagulation cascade.
What are the components of the extrinsic pathway? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Elements
outside the cell that stimulate platelet plug formation due to tissue trauma.
What is the role of prothrombin in the coagulation cascade? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅It
is converted to thrombin, which then acts on fibrinogen to produce fibrin for clot formation.
What is the significance of the 'fishbone' or 'skeleton' diagram in hematology? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅It is a visual representation used to summarize lab results related to blood
components.
What is the Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC)? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅A lab test
that measures the blood's capacity to bind iron with transferrin.
, What are common neurological symptoms associated with vitamin B12 anemia? -
CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Neurological symptoms may include numbness, tingling,
balance issues, and cognitive disturbances.
What does the term 'pica' refer to in the context of anemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅A
mental health condition where a person compulsively swallows non-food items.
What is the importance of assessing family history in anemic patients? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅It can help identify potential genetic or hereditary factors contributing to
anemia.
What are some symptoms of bleeding disorders? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Dark stools
or blood in urine, excessive bleeding that does not stop with pressure, increased bruising,
petechiae, and heavy menstrual bleeding.
What is a common symptom of inherited hemophilia? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Redness, swelling, stiffness, or pain from bleeding into muscles or joints.
What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Type 1:
Immediate Hypersensitivity (IgE-mediated), Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity (Antibody-
mediated), Type 3: Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity, Type 4: Delayed-Type
Hypersensitivity (Cell-mediated).
What characterizes Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅They
are immediate reactions occurring within minutes to hours after exposure to an allergen, such
as pollen or food.
What is an example of a Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Hemolytic transfusion reactions and some autoimmune diseases.
What occurs during Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Immune complexes deposit in tissues, activating the complement system and
leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
