Leigh
NR565 / NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals FINAL
EXAM (2025–2026) – 150 High-Level Questions (Board-Style) |
NP / APRN Exam Prep – Questions Only
Antibacterials, Resistance, Beta-lactams, Cephalosporins, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolides,
Sulfonamides, Nitrofurantoin, Clindamycin
1. A 40-year-old man with a mild skin and soft tissue infection is prescribed a bacteriostatic
antibiotic. Which best describes the pharmacodynamic action of a bacteriostatic agent?
A. Rapidly kills bacteria at the site of infection
B. Irreversibly disrupts the bacterial cell wall
C. Inhibits bacterial growth and replication, relying on host defenses to clear infection
D. Creates pores in the bacterial membrane, causing immediate cell lysis
2. Which of the following drug classes is primarily bactericidal at standard clinical doses?
A. Tetracyclines
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Macrolides
D. Sulfonamides
3. (SATA) Which of the following are commonly considered bacteriostatic agents? Select all
that apply.
A. Clindamycin
B. Macrolides
C. Sulfonamides
D. Tetracyclines
E. Aminoglycosides
F. Fluoroquinolones
4. (SATA) Which of the following are commonly considered bactericidal agents? Select all that
apply.
A. Aminoglycosides
B. Beta-lactams
C. Fluoroquinolones
,Leigh
D. Metronidazole
E. Streptogramins
F. Vancomycin
5. A 3-year-old child has recurrent otitis media and has received three antibiotic courses in the
past 4 months. Which factor in this case most contributes to antimicrobial resistance?
A. Child’s age alone
B. Multiple prior antibiotic exposures
C. Living in a rural area
D. Lack of vaccinations
6. (SATA) Which patient factors are associated with an increased risk of antimicrobial
resistance in the community? Select all that apply.
A. Attending daycare
B. Age younger than 2 years
C. Age older than 65 years
D. No prior antibiotic exposure
E. Multiple co-morbidities
F. Immunosuppression
7. A 26-year-old woman with no chronic illnesses presents with classic features of streptococcal
pharyngitis. According to traditional first-line recommendations, the most appropriate initial
antibiotic is:
A. Amoxicillin–clavulanate
B. Penicillin V
C. Azithromycin
D. Levofloxacin
8. A 30-year-old patient presents with a human bite to the hand. Which oral antibiotic is first-
line therapy due to coverage of aerobic and anaerobic oral flora?
A. Penicillin V
B. Amoxicillin–clavulanate
,Leigh
C. Cephalexin
D. Clindamycin alone
9. Natural penicillins have the best activity against which group of organisms?
A. Aerobic gram-positive organisms
B. Atypical organisms
C. Pseudomonas spp.
D. Anaerobic gram-negative rods
10. Aminopenicillins (e.g., amoxicillin, ampicillin) expand coverage primarily against:
A. Resistant gram-positive cocci
B. Gram-negative organisms
C. Atypical organisms
D. Fungi
11. Combining aminopenicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., amoxicillin–clavulanate)
primarily:
A. Reduces renal toxicity
B. Broadens spectrum to include beta-lactamase–producing organisms
C. Decreases risk of C. difficile infection
D. Converts drug to bacteriostatic
12. Which of the following are common beta-lactamase inhibitors used in combination with
penicillins?
A. Clavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam
B. Metronidazole, rifampin, daptomycin
C. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin
D. Linezolid, tedizolid, quinupristin
13. Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (e.g., dicloxacillin, nafcillin) are especially useful in
infections caused by:
A. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
, Leigh
B. MRSA
C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D. Atypical pneumonia
14. Anti-pseudomonal penicillins (e.g., piperacillin/tazobactam) are chosen primarily for their
coverage of:
A. Gram-positive aerobes only
B. Gram-negative organisms including Pseudomonas spp.
C. Fungal pathogens
D. Viral infections
15. First-generation cephalosporins are most active against:
A. Gram-negative rods and Pseudomonas
B. Gram-positive cocci
C. Atypicals
D. Fungi
16. Second-generation cephalosporins demonstrate increased coverage against:
A. H. influenzae and Bacteroides fragilis
B. MRSA
C. Mycobacteria
D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa only
17. Third-generation cephalosporins are particularly useful for:
A. Uncommon gram-negative organisms and serious gram-negative infections
B. Superficial fungal infections
C. Mild viral URIs
D. Anaerobic protozoa
18. Fourth-generation cephalosporins, such as cefepime, are characterized by:
A. Narrow spectrum against gram-positive organisms only
B. Activity primarily against atypicals
NR565 / NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals FINAL
EXAM (2025–2026) – 150 High-Level Questions (Board-Style) |
NP / APRN Exam Prep – Questions Only
Antibacterials, Resistance, Beta-lactams, Cephalosporins, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolides,
Sulfonamides, Nitrofurantoin, Clindamycin
1. A 40-year-old man with a mild skin and soft tissue infection is prescribed a bacteriostatic
antibiotic. Which best describes the pharmacodynamic action of a bacteriostatic agent?
A. Rapidly kills bacteria at the site of infection
B. Irreversibly disrupts the bacterial cell wall
C. Inhibits bacterial growth and replication, relying on host defenses to clear infection
D. Creates pores in the bacterial membrane, causing immediate cell lysis
2. Which of the following drug classes is primarily bactericidal at standard clinical doses?
A. Tetracyclines
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Macrolides
D. Sulfonamides
3. (SATA) Which of the following are commonly considered bacteriostatic agents? Select all
that apply.
A. Clindamycin
B. Macrolides
C. Sulfonamides
D. Tetracyclines
E. Aminoglycosides
F. Fluoroquinolones
4. (SATA) Which of the following are commonly considered bactericidal agents? Select all that
apply.
A. Aminoglycosides
B. Beta-lactams
C. Fluoroquinolones
,Leigh
D. Metronidazole
E. Streptogramins
F. Vancomycin
5. A 3-year-old child has recurrent otitis media and has received three antibiotic courses in the
past 4 months. Which factor in this case most contributes to antimicrobial resistance?
A. Child’s age alone
B. Multiple prior antibiotic exposures
C. Living in a rural area
D. Lack of vaccinations
6. (SATA) Which patient factors are associated with an increased risk of antimicrobial
resistance in the community? Select all that apply.
A. Attending daycare
B. Age younger than 2 years
C. Age older than 65 years
D. No prior antibiotic exposure
E. Multiple co-morbidities
F. Immunosuppression
7. A 26-year-old woman with no chronic illnesses presents with classic features of streptococcal
pharyngitis. According to traditional first-line recommendations, the most appropriate initial
antibiotic is:
A. Amoxicillin–clavulanate
B. Penicillin V
C. Azithromycin
D. Levofloxacin
8. A 30-year-old patient presents with a human bite to the hand. Which oral antibiotic is first-
line therapy due to coverage of aerobic and anaerobic oral flora?
A. Penicillin V
B. Amoxicillin–clavulanate
,Leigh
C. Cephalexin
D. Clindamycin alone
9. Natural penicillins have the best activity against which group of organisms?
A. Aerobic gram-positive organisms
B. Atypical organisms
C. Pseudomonas spp.
D. Anaerobic gram-negative rods
10. Aminopenicillins (e.g., amoxicillin, ampicillin) expand coverage primarily against:
A. Resistant gram-positive cocci
B. Gram-negative organisms
C. Atypical organisms
D. Fungi
11. Combining aminopenicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., amoxicillin–clavulanate)
primarily:
A. Reduces renal toxicity
B. Broadens spectrum to include beta-lactamase–producing organisms
C. Decreases risk of C. difficile infection
D. Converts drug to bacteriostatic
12. Which of the following are common beta-lactamase inhibitors used in combination with
penicillins?
A. Clavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam
B. Metronidazole, rifampin, daptomycin
C. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin
D. Linezolid, tedizolid, quinupristin
13. Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (e.g., dicloxacillin, nafcillin) are especially useful in
infections caused by:
A. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
, Leigh
B. MRSA
C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D. Atypical pneumonia
14. Anti-pseudomonal penicillins (e.g., piperacillin/tazobactam) are chosen primarily for their
coverage of:
A. Gram-positive aerobes only
B. Gram-negative organisms including Pseudomonas spp.
C. Fungal pathogens
D. Viral infections
15. First-generation cephalosporins are most active against:
A. Gram-negative rods and Pseudomonas
B. Gram-positive cocci
C. Atypicals
D. Fungi
16. Second-generation cephalosporins demonstrate increased coverage against:
A. H. influenzae and Bacteroides fragilis
B. MRSA
C. Mycobacteria
D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa only
17. Third-generation cephalosporins are particularly useful for:
A. Uncommon gram-negative organisms and serious gram-negative infections
B. Superficial fungal infections
C. Mild viral URIs
D. Anaerobic protozoa
18. Fourth-generation cephalosporins, such as cefepime, are characterized by:
A. Narrow spectrum against gram-positive organisms only
B. Activity primarily against atypicals
