CHAPTER 2: NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
2.1 Definition
Topology refers to the layout or structure of a network.
2.2 Types of Topologies
1. Bus Topology
One main cable (backbone)
Cheap but poor reliability
2. Star Topology
All nodes connect to a switch/hub
Easy to manage
Central device failure → network failure
3. Ring Topology
Circular connection
Data travels in one direction
Failure of one device can break the network
4. Mesh Topology
Each device connects to every device
High redundancy
Expensive and complex
5. Hybrid Topology
Combination of two or more topologies
CHAPTER 3: OSI REFERENCE MODEL
3.1 Purpose
A conceptual framework that standardizes network communication.
3.2 Layers and Functions
Layer 7: Application
Interfaces with applications
Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS
Layer 6: Presentation
Encryption, compression, data translation
Example: SSL/TLS
Layer 5: Session
2.1 Definition
Topology refers to the layout or structure of a network.
2.2 Types of Topologies
1. Bus Topology
One main cable (backbone)
Cheap but poor reliability
2. Star Topology
All nodes connect to a switch/hub
Easy to manage
Central device failure → network failure
3. Ring Topology
Circular connection
Data travels in one direction
Failure of one device can break the network
4. Mesh Topology
Each device connects to every device
High redundancy
Expensive and complex
5. Hybrid Topology
Combination of two or more topologies
CHAPTER 3: OSI REFERENCE MODEL
3.1 Purpose
A conceptual framework that standardizes network communication.
3.2 Layers and Functions
Layer 7: Application
Interfaces with applications
Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS
Layer 6: Presentation
Encryption, compression, data translation
Example: SSL/TLS
Layer 5: Session
