Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_edorxn
1. Negative Feedback: Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin
by the pancreas
2. Positive Feedback: Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet
cascade
3. Proteins: Provide selectivity to a membrane
4. Integral proteins: channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
5. Peripheral proteins: Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
6. ATP: Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant
energy
7. Simple/passive diffusion: Occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration
8. Simple/passive diffusion: Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion will not occur if the membrane
is non permeable to the molecule
9. Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion: 1. Concentration difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
10. Osmosis: Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low solute concentration to high solute
concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
11. Primary Active Transport: Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration; DIRECT USE OF
ENERGY
12. Secondary Active Transport: Trasport is driven by the energy STORED in the concentration gradient
of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
13. Na+- K+ ATPase: Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll cells; enzyme that converts ATP to
ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
14. Ca2+ ATPase: Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
15. H+ ATPase: - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules
(controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
16. Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump: sodium is pumped out of the cell; potassium is pumped
in...
1/8
, Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_edorxn
17. Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport: Co-transport: Substance is transported in the same
direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)
18. Counter transport: Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+
19. How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility?: Increase intracellular Ca2+
20. ungated Ion Channels: determined by size, shape, distribution of charge
21. Gated Ion Channels: -volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
22. Ion Channels: Conductance depends on probability that channel is open.
23. Equilibrium Potential: the diffusion potential that exactly balances or opposes the tendency for diffusion
down the concentration difference.
24. If a membrane were permeable to only K+ then...: K+ would diffuse down its concentration
gradient until the electrical potential across the membrane countered diffusion. (moving from inside the cell down its
concentration gradient to the outside of the cell).
25. Potassium Nernst Potential: Also called equilibrium potential; if the membrane were only permeate
to K+; the Vm would be -94mv.
26. Sodium Nernst Potential: If the membrane were only permeable to Na+ then the Vm would be +61mv.
27. The Goldman Hodgkin Katz Equation: The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilib-
rium potential for the ion with the highest permeability!
28. Depolarization: The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the
interior to become more positive. (less negative)
29. Hyperpolarization: The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more
negative direction.
30. Threshold potential: Membrane potential at which occurrence of the AP is inevitable
31. Overshoot: Portion of the AP where the membrane potential is positive (cell interior is positive)
32. Undershoot: Also called hyper polarizing after potential; the portion of the AP, followed by repolarization
where at membrane potential is more negative than at rest.
33. Inward current: Flow of positive charge into the cell
These currents depolarize the membrane potential (or make it less negative and more positive)
Ex: Na+ flow into the cell during the UPSTROKE of the AP
34. Outward Current: Flow of positive charge out of the cell; these currents hyper polarize the membrane
potential (making the membrane more negative and less positive)
Example: flow of K+ out of the cell during the depolarization phase of AP, creating down stroke
2/8
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_edorxn
1. Negative Feedback: Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin
by the pancreas
2. Positive Feedback: Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet
cascade
3. Proteins: Provide selectivity to a membrane
4. Integral proteins: channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
5. Peripheral proteins: Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
6. ATP: Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant
energy
7. Simple/passive diffusion: Occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration
8. Simple/passive diffusion: Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion will not occur if the membrane
is non permeable to the molecule
9. Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion: 1. Concentration difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
10. Osmosis: Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low solute concentration to high solute
concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
11. Primary Active Transport: Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration; DIRECT USE OF
ENERGY
12. Secondary Active Transport: Trasport is driven by the energy STORED in the concentration gradient
of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
13. Na+- K+ ATPase: Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll cells; enzyme that converts ATP to
ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
14. Ca2+ ATPase: Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
15. H+ ATPase: - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules
(controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
16. Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump: sodium is pumped out of the cell; potassium is pumped
in...
1/8
, Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_edorxn
17. Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport: Co-transport: Substance is transported in the same
direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)
18. Counter transport: Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+
19. How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility?: Increase intracellular Ca2+
20. ungated Ion Channels: determined by size, shape, distribution of charge
21. Gated Ion Channels: -volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
22. Ion Channels: Conductance depends on probability that channel is open.
23. Equilibrium Potential: the diffusion potential that exactly balances or opposes the tendency for diffusion
down the concentration difference.
24. If a membrane were permeable to only K+ then...: K+ would diffuse down its concentration
gradient until the electrical potential across the membrane countered diffusion. (moving from inside the cell down its
concentration gradient to the outside of the cell).
25. Potassium Nernst Potential: Also called equilibrium potential; if the membrane were only permeate
to K+; the Vm would be -94mv.
26. Sodium Nernst Potential: If the membrane were only permeable to Na+ then the Vm would be +61mv.
27. The Goldman Hodgkin Katz Equation: The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilib-
rium potential for the ion with the highest permeability!
28. Depolarization: The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the
interior to become more positive. (less negative)
29. Hyperpolarization: The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more
negative direction.
30. Threshold potential: Membrane potential at which occurrence of the AP is inevitable
31. Overshoot: Portion of the AP where the membrane potential is positive (cell interior is positive)
32. Undershoot: Also called hyper polarizing after potential; the portion of the AP, followed by repolarization
where at membrane potential is more negative than at rest.
33. Inward current: Flow of positive charge into the cell
These currents depolarize the membrane potential (or make it less negative and more positive)
Ex: Na+ flow into the cell during the UPSTROKE of the AP
34. Outward Current: Flow of positive charge out of the cell; these currents hyper polarize the membrane
potential (making the membrane more negative and less positive)
Example: flow of K+ out of the cell during the depolarization phase of AP, creating down stroke
2/8
