🗂️ Biological Classification and Fungi
Disadvantages in Earlier Classifications
• Included bacteria, BGA, Fungi, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms
under "Plantae". The character used to verify the whole kingdom was the
presence of a cell wall.
• Grouped Prokaryotic bacteria (BGA) with Eukaryotic organisms.
• Grouped unicellular organisms with multicellular ones. For example,
Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together under algae.
• Did not differentiate between heterotrophs (fungi) and autotrophs (plants). They
also showed differences in their cell wall composition.
o Note: Chlorella and Paramecium were placed in Animalia (which lack a
cell wall).
.
Modifications in Classification Systems
o All prokaryotic organisms were placed in MONERA.
o Fungi were placed in FUNGI.
o Unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in PROTISTA.
▪ This brought together organisms like Chlamydomonas (having cell walls)
with Paramecium (lacking cell walls).
.
6-Kingdom Classification
Proposed by Carl Woese, it established 3 domains:
2. Archaea (Kingdom Archaebacteria)
3. Eubacteria
4. Eukarya (Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)
🍄 Kingdom Fungi
Fungal reproduction methods are summarized in the table below:
Category Type Examples
Vegetative * Fragmentation * Fission * Budding
Asexual * Conidia/Sporangiospores
Disadvantages in Earlier Classifications
• Included bacteria, BGA, Fungi, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms
under "Plantae". The character used to verify the whole kingdom was the
presence of a cell wall.
• Grouped Prokaryotic bacteria (BGA) with Eukaryotic organisms.
• Grouped unicellular organisms with multicellular ones. For example,
Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together under algae.
• Did not differentiate between heterotrophs (fungi) and autotrophs (plants). They
also showed differences in their cell wall composition.
o Note: Chlorella and Paramecium were placed in Animalia (which lack a
cell wall).
.
Modifications in Classification Systems
o All prokaryotic organisms were placed in MONERA.
o Fungi were placed in FUNGI.
o Unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in PROTISTA.
▪ This brought together organisms like Chlamydomonas (having cell walls)
with Paramecium (lacking cell walls).
.
6-Kingdom Classification
Proposed by Carl Woese, it established 3 domains:
2. Archaea (Kingdom Archaebacteria)
3. Eubacteria
4. Eukarya (Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)
🍄 Kingdom Fungi
Fungal reproduction methods are summarized in the table below:
Category Type Examples
Vegetative * Fragmentation * Fission * Budding
Asexual * Conidia/Sporangiospores
