NURS 5663 EXAM 3 REVIEW 2025–
2026 | LATEST COMPLETE
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Steps involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones -
CORRECT ANSWER-(1) iodide (I-) trapped by the thyroid
follicular cells;
(2) diffusion of iodide to the apex of the cells;
(3) transport of iodide into the colloid;
(4) oxidation of inorganic iodide to iodine and incorporation of
iodine into tyrosine residues within thyroglobulin molecules in
the colloid;
(5) combination of two DIT molecules to form
tetraiodothyronine (T4) or of MIT with DIT to form T3;
(6) uptake of thyroglobulin from the colloid into the follicular
cell by endocytosis, fusion of the thyroglobulin with a
lysosome, and proteolysis and release of T4, T3, DIT, and
MIT;
,(7) release of T4 and T3 into the circulation; and
(8) deiodination of DIT and MIT to yield tyrosine. T3 is also
formed from monodeiodination of T4 in the thyroid and in
peripheral tissues.
Insulin Definition - CORRECT ANSWER-the storage and anabolic
hormone of the body
General characteristics of Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER-- small
protein that contains 51 amino acids arranged in 2 chains (A &
B) linked by disulfide bridges.
- stored in beta cells of pancreas in form of hexameric
crystals
1. Entire human pancreas stores up to 8mg (200 units) of
insulin.
- Insulin is released from pancreatic beta cells at a low
BASAL rate --> plus with stimulation releases at a much
higher rate
Insulin synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER-Insulin is synthesized as
preproinsulin and processed to proinsulin. Proinsulin is then
,converted to insulin and C-peptide and stored in secretary
granules awaiting release on demand. Insulin synthesis is
regulated at both the transcriptional and translational level.
insulin Stimulates release - CORRECT ANSWER-glucose, sugars
(eg. Mannose), amino acids (esp. glyconeogenic amino acids like
leucine, arginine), hormones like glucagon-like polypeptide 1
(GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP),
glucagon, cholecystokinin, high concentrations of fatty acids,
and B-adrenergic sympathetic activity
Stimulatory drugs of insulin - CORRECT ANSWER-sulfonylureas,
meglitinides, D-phenylalanine derivatives, isoproterenol, and
acetylcholine
Insulin Inhibitory hormones: - CORRECT ANSWER-insulin, islet
amyloid polypeptide, somatostatin, and leptin; alpha-
adrenergic sympathetic activity; chronically elevated glucose;
low concentrations of fatty acids
Insulin Inhibitory drugs: - CORRECT ANSWER-diazoxide,
phenytoin, vinblastine, clonidine, verapamil, and colchicine
, One mechanism of stimulated insulin release - CORRECT
ANSWER-1. in resting cell: normal (low) ATP levels→ K+
diffuses down its concentration gradient through ATP-gated
K+ channels, maintaining the intracellular potential @fully
polarized, negative level→ insulin release is minimal
2. if glucose concentration rises → ATP production increases
→ K+ channels close --> depolarization results → in
muscle/nerve voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open in response to
depolarization --> allows more Ca2+ to enter cell --> increased
intracellular Ca2+ results in increased insulin secretion →
insulin secretagugues close the ATP-dependent K+ channel→
depolarizes membrane→ increased insulin release by same
mechanism
Effects of insulin - CORRECT ANSWER-- Promotes the storage
of fat as well as glucose (both sources of energy) within
specialized target cells & influences cell growth and the
metabolic functions of a wide range of tissues
-Promotes synthesis and storage of glycogen, triglycerides,
and protein in its major target tissues: liver, fat, and muscle.
Release of insulin from pancreas is stimulated by increased
2026 | LATEST COMPLETE
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Steps involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones -
CORRECT ANSWER-(1) iodide (I-) trapped by the thyroid
follicular cells;
(2) diffusion of iodide to the apex of the cells;
(3) transport of iodide into the colloid;
(4) oxidation of inorganic iodide to iodine and incorporation of
iodine into tyrosine residues within thyroglobulin molecules in
the colloid;
(5) combination of two DIT molecules to form
tetraiodothyronine (T4) or of MIT with DIT to form T3;
(6) uptake of thyroglobulin from the colloid into the follicular
cell by endocytosis, fusion of the thyroglobulin with a
lysosome, and proteolysis and release of T4, T3, DIT, and
MIT;
,(7) release of T4 and T3 into the circulation; and
(8) deiodination of DIT and MIT to yield tyrosine. T3 is also
formed from monodeiodination of T4 in the thyroid and in
peripheral tissues.
Insulin Definition - CORRECT ANSWER-the storage and anabolic
hormone of the body
General characteristics of Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER-- small
protein that contains 51 amino acids arranged in 2 chains (A &
B) linked by disulfide bridges.
- stored in beta cells of pancreas in form of hexameric
crystals
1. Entire human pancreas stores up to 8mg (200 units) of
insulin.
- Insulin is released from pancreatic beta cells at a low
BASAL rate --> plus with stimulation releases at a much
higher rate
Insulin synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER-Insulin is synthesized as
preproinsulin and processed to proinsulin. Proinsulin is then
,converted to insulin and C-peptide and stored in secretary
granules awaiting release on demand. Insulin synthesis is
regulated at both the transcriptional and translational level.
insulin Stimulates release - CORRECT ANSWER-glucose, sugars
(eg. Mannose), amino acids (esp. glyconeogenic amino acids like
leucine, arginine), hormones like glucagon-like polypeptide 1
(GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP),
glucagon, cholecystokinin, high concentrations of fatty acids,
and B-adrenergic sympathetic activity
Stimulatory drugs of insulin - CORRECT ANSWER-sulfonylureas,
meglitinides, D-phenylalanine derivatives, isoproterenol, and
acetylcholine
Insulin Inhibitory hormones: - CORRECT ANSWER-insulin, islet
amyloid polypeptide, somatostatin, and leptin; alpha-
adrenergic sympathetic activity; chronically elevated glucose;
low concentrations of fatty acids
Insulin Inhibitory drugs: - CORRECT ANSWER-diazoxide,
phenytoin, vinblastine, clonidine, verapamil, and colchicine
, One mechanism of stimulated insulin release - CORRECT
ANSWER-1. in resting cell: normal (low) ATP levels→ K+
diffuses down its concentration gradient through ATP-gated
K+ channels, maintaining the intracellular potential @fully
polarized, negative level→ insulin release is minimal
2. if glucose concentration rises → ATP production increases
→ K+ channels close --> depolarization results → in
muscle/nerve voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open in response to
depolarization --> allows more Ca2+ to enter cell --> increased
intracellular Ca2+ results in increased insulin secretion →
insulin secretagugues close the ATP-dependent K+ channel→
depolarizes membrane→ increased insulin release by same
mechanism
Effects of insulin - CORRECT ANSWER-- Promotes the storage
of fat as well as glucose (both sources of energy) within
specialized target cells & influences cell growth and the
metabolic functions of a wide range of tissues
-Promotes synthesis and storage of glycogen, triglycerides,
and protein in its major target tissues: liver, fat, and muscle.
Release of insulin from pancreas is stimulated by increased
