NR 400/500 Exam 1 Study Guide (Questions) With Complete
Solutions
(a) Diagram and describe the policy structure model that classes
policies according to voluntary and mandatory approaches, as
well practices and process tools. (b) Provide one example policy
for each of the relevant categories in that scheme Correct
Answers Policies that are implemented may have different
policy content, policy structure, and policy approaches. Policy
content refers to the range of environmental and natural resource
issues addressed by regulatory policy. Policy structure
encompasses the level of obligation (discretionary,
nondiscretionary) and the approach (prescriptive, process-based,
performance based) associated with a given policy directive.
Discretionary policies are voluntary, while non discretionary
policies are mandatory. A prescriptive policy identifies a
preventive action or prescribes an approved technology to be
used in a specific situation, such as requiring best management
practices (BMP) and can be either regulatory or voluntary. A
process-based policy identifies a particular process or series of
steps to be followed in pursuit of a management goal, such as
performing an environmental impact statement or having formal
public input and consultation. A performanced based policy
specifies the management outcome or level of performance that
must be met but does not prescribe the measures for attainment,
such as meeting specific state water quality standards. Such
standards may be quantitative (as limitations of chemicals per
unit of water) or qualitative (as in the case of sediment loads).
PICTURE ON STUDY GUIDE. EXAMPLES?
,(a) Draw and describe the agenda setting model and per the
model, (b) discuss how different groups may have different
access based on their power and influence. Correct Answers
Powerful groups can typically place their issues on the agenda
with ease, often behind closed doors
Weaker groups are denied access unless they can gain sufficient
power through coalition building to place their issues on the
policy agenda
(a) In terms of policy instruments, what are carrots, sticks, and
sermons? (b) In your opinion, which is more effective for
encouraging natural resource conservation on private lands, and
(c) why. Correct Answers Sticks: regulations.
Carrots: economic incentives.
Sermons: information and education.
(a) List three broad classes of criteria, and state how you would
use them differently to assesses development impacts. (b) How
might your focus differ depending on whether you were a policy
analyst or a policy advocate? Correct Answers Social,
Economic, Ecological.
Policy analyst tries to assess from a neutral, unbiased
perspective, considering all alternatives and points of view.
Policy advocates attempt to have a certain policy passed that
will serve a particular person or interest group best.
(a) What are two principal constitutional provisions that allow
Congress to pass many broad, general laws that affect natural
resources? (b) Provide an example for each of how they have
been used. Correct Answers Commerce Clause- Congress can
regulate commerce with foreign nations, between states, and
, with native american tribes. EXAMPLE: 1970 OSHA act is
constitutional because workplace health and safety affect
interstate commerce.
Necessary and proper clause: Congress can create new
legislation to support the explicit powers laid out in clauses 1-17
of article 1 of the constitution (which enumerate all the powers
congress have over the legislation of the country). Gives wide,
sweeping powers to congress. EXAMPLE: Thomas Jefferson
utilizing this clause to allow himself to take the country into
debt to complete the Louisiana Purchase.
(a) What is the difference between mandatory and discretionary
federal budgets and (b) what is their approximate share in the
FY 2019 budget? Correct Answers (2.8 trillion) Mandatory
spending is also known as entitlement spending and goes to
programs like social security, medicare and medicaid. These are
appropriated each year according to formulas passed in their
enabling legislation and cannot be changed without changing or
amending the authorizing laws again.
(1.3 trillion) Discretionary spending must be approved by the
congress every year in the appropriations process and, unlike
most mandatory spending, is subject to a predetermined limit
each year.
(a) What is the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution?, and (b)
what part of that Amendment is particularly important for
natural resource management? (c) Why? Correct Answers No
person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a
Solutions
(a) Diagram and describe the policy structure model that classes
policies according to voluntary and mandatory approaches, as
well practices and process tools. (b) Provide one example policy
for each of the relevant categories in that scheme Correct
Answers Policies that are implemented may have different
policy content, policy structure, and policy approaches. Policy
content refers to the range of environmental and natural resource
issues addressed by regulatory policy. Policy structure
encompasses the level of obligation (discretionary,
nondiscretionary) and the approach (prescriptive, process-based,
performance based) associated with a given policy directive.
Discretionary policies are voluntary, while non discretionary
policies are mandatory. A prescriptive policy identifies a
preventive action or prescribes an approved technology to be
used in a specific situation, such as requiring best management
practices (BMP) and can be either regulatory or voluntary. A
process-based policy identifies a particular process or series of
steps to be followed in pursuit of a management goal, such as
performing an environmental impact statement or having formal
public input and consultation. A performanced based policy
specifies the management outcome or level of performance that
must be met but does not prescribe the measures for attainment,
such as meeting specific state water quality standards. Such
standards may be quantitative (as limitations of chemicals per
unit of water) or qualitative (as in the case of sediment loads).
PICTURE ON STUDY GUIDE. EXAMPLES?
,(a) Draw and describe the agenda setting model and per the
model, (b) discuss how different groups may have different
access based on their power and influence. Correct Answers
Powerful groups can typically place their issues on the agenda
with ease, often behind closed doors
Weaker groups are denied access unless they can gain sufficient
power through coalition building to place their issues on the
policy agenda
(a) In terms of policy instruments, what are carrots, sticks, and
sermons? (b) In your opinion, which is more effective for
encouraging natural resource conservation on private lands, and
(c) why. Correct Answers Sticks: regulations.
Carrots: economic incentives.
Sermons: information and education.
(a) List three broad classes of criteria, and state how you would
use them differently to assesses development impacts. (b) How
might your focus differ depending on whether you were a policy
analyst or a policy advocate? Correct Answers Social,
Economic, Ecological.
Policy analyst tries to assess from a neutral, unbiased
perspective, considering all alternatives and points of view.
Policy advocates attempt to have a certain policy passed that
will serve a particular person or interest group best.
(a) What are two principal constitutional provisions that allow
Congress to pass many broad, general laws that affect natural
resources? (b) Provide an example for each of how they have
been used. Correct Answers Commerce Clause- Congress can
regulate commerce with foreign nations, between states, and
, with native american tribes. EXAMPLE: 1970 OSHA act is
constitutional because workplace health and safety affect
interstate commerce.
Necessary and proper clause: Congress can create new
legislation to support the explicit powers laid out in clauses 1-17
of article 1 of the constitution (which enumerate all the powers
congress have over the legislation of the country). Gives wide,
sweeping powers to congress. EXAMPLE: Thomas Jefferson
utilizing this clause to allow himself to take the country into
debt to complete the Louisiana Purchase.
(a) What is the difference between mandatory and discretionary
federal budgets and (b) what is their approximate share in the
FY 2019 budget? Correct Answers (2.8 trillion) Mandatory
spending is also known as entitlement spending and goes to
programs like social security, medicare and medicaid. These are
appropriated each year according to formulas passed in their
enabling legislation and cannot be changed without changing or
amending the authorizing laws again.
(1.3 trillion) Discretionary spending must be approved by the
congress every year in the appropriations process and, unlike
most mandatory spending, is subject to a predetermined limit
each year.
(a) What is the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution?, and (b)
what part of that Amendment is particularly important for
natural resource management? (c) Why? Correct Answers No
person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a
