ZOOL 2403 LECTURE EXAM 1 : BOROS
supine - Answer -lying down, face up
prone - Answer -lying down, face down
cranial - Answer -in relation to the spinal cord towards the head
caudal - Answer -in relation to the spinal cord towards the tailbone
superficial - Answer -on the surface/shallow
posterior/dorsal - Answer -the back of the body
anterior/ventral - Answer -front of the body
lateral - Answer -towards the side of the body
medial - Answer -towards the center of the body
proximal - Answer -nearer to a point of reference such as the origin, a point of
attachment or the midline of the body
Distal - Answer -further from a point of reference such as the origin, a point of
attachment or the midline of the body
superior - Answer -situated above or directed upward
inferior - Answer -situated below or directed downward
Frontal plane - Answer -divide body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse plane - Answer -divides body into superior and inferior sections
Sagittal plane - Answer -divides body into left and right sections
-process - Answer -projection or bump
foramen - Answer -hole or passage way for blood vessels or nerves
"axis" - Answer -a straight line about which the body rotates
"append" - Answer -to attach to, to hang from
3 primary functions of the axial skeleton - Answer -*supports the body (organs)
,*protects organs
*attaches to skeletal muscles for movement
axial skeleton consists of - Answer -skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage (sternum and
ribs)
2 groups of skull bones - Answer -cranial and facial bones
cranial bones function - Answer -protect the brain
facial bone function - Answer -protect entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts
6 cranial bones - Answer -frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
"mastoid" - Answer -breast-like
"styloid" - Answer -pillar-like
4 primary facial bones - Answer -maxilla, mandible, nasal, zygomatic
hyoid bone function - Answer -attachment site for skeletal muscles associated with the
larynx and pharynx, used for breathing and swallowing
*only bone that doesn't articulate with another bone*
5 regions of vertebral column - Answer -cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
functions of vertebral column - Answer -protects the spinal cord
support the head and body
attaches to skeletal muscles in the back
function of vertebral body - Answer -carries the weight of the axial skeleton
vertebral arch consists of - Answer -2 pedicles, 2 laminae
vertebral foramen - Answer -hole between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch
surrounds and protects the spinal cord
transverse process of vertebra - Answer -muscle and ligament attachment sites
spinous process of vertebra - Answer -muscle and ligament attachment sites
characteristics of CERVICAL vertebra - Answer -contains transverse foramen
small oval body
triangular vertebral body
, transverse foramen - Answer -protects blood vessel traveling from the thorax to the
brain
characteristics of THORACIC vertebrae - Answer -long, slender spinous process
heart shaped body
small, round vertebral foramen
costal articular processes that articulate with ribs
characteristics of LUMBAR vertebrae - Answer -short, thick, blunt spinous process
the largest of the vertebra
thick, large oval shaped body
triangular vertebral column
Sacrum - Answer -function: protects organs
is curves, more in males than females
coccyx - Answer -attached to ligaments and muscles of the anus
controls defecation (pooping)
function of thoracic cage - Answer -protects the heart and lungs
attaches to skeletal muscles
the forearm - Answer -AKA antebrachium
consists of ulna and radius
radius - Answer -lateral, articulates with the humerus, ulna and carpals
ulna - Answer -medial, articulates with the humerus, radius and carpals
the wrist has how many carpal bones? - Answer -8
metacarpals - Answer -5 bones
numbered (1-5) from the thumb out
make up palm of the hand
another name for thumb - Answer -pollex
only has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal)
3 components of pelvic girdle - Answer -ilium, ischium, pubis
function of pelvic girdle - Answer -connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
Pelvis formed from - Answer -pelvic girdle, the sacrum, and the coccyx
pubic angle - Answer -male: 90 degrees or less
female: 100 degrees or more
supine - Answer -lying down, face up
prone - Answer -lying down, face down
cranial - Answer -in relation to the spinal cord towards the head
caudal - Answer -in relation to the spinal cord towards the tailbone
superficial - Answer -on the surface/shallow
posterior/dorsal - Answer -the back of the body
anterior/ventral - Answer -front of the body
lateral - Answer -towards the side of the body
medial - Answer -towards the center of the body
proximal - Answer -nearer to a point of reference such as the origin, a point of
attachment or the midline of the body
Distal - Answer -further from a point of reference such as the origin, a point of
attachment or the midline of the body
superior - Answer -situated above or directed upward
inferior - Answer -situated below or directed downward
Frontal plane - Answer -divide body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse plane - Answer -divides body into superior and inferior sections
Sagittal plane - Answer -divides body into left and right sections
-process - Answer -projection or bump
foramen - Answer -hole or passage way for blood vessels or nerves
"axis" - Answer -a straight line about which the body rotates
"append" - Answer -to attach to, to hang from
3 primary functions of the axial skeleton - Answer -*supports the body (organs)
,*protects organs
*attaches to skeletal muscles for movement
axial skeleton consists of - Answer -skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage (sternum and
ribs)
2 groups of skull bones - Answer -cranial and facial bones
cranial bones function - Answer -protect the brain
facial bone function - Answer -protect entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts
6 cranial bones - Answer -frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
"mastoid" - Answer -breast-like
"styloid" - Answer -pillar-like
4 primary facial bones - Answer -maxilla, mandible, nasal, zygomatic
hyoid bone function - Answer -attachment site for skeletal muscles associated with the
larynx and pharynx, used for breathing and swallowing
*only bone that doesn't articulate with another bone*
5 regions of vertebral column - Answer -cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
functions of vertebral column - Answer -protects the spinal cord
support the head and body
attaches to skeletal muscles in the back
function of vertebral body - Answer -carries the weight of the axial skeleton
vertebral arch consists of - Answer -2 pedicles, 2 laminae
vertebral foramen - Answer -hole between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch
surrounds and protects the spinal cord
transverse process of vertebra - Answer -muscle and ligament attachment sites
spinous process of vertebra - Answer -muscle and ligament attachment sites
characteristics of CERVICAL vertebra - Answer -contains transverse foramen
small oval body
triangular vertebral body
, transverse foramen - Answer -protects blood vessel traveling from the thorax to the
brain
characteristics of THORACIC vertebrae - Answer -long, slender spinous process
heart shaped body
small, round vertebral foramen
costal articular processes that articulate with ribs
characteristics of LUMBAR vertebrae - Answer -short, thick, blunt spinous process
the largest of the vertebra
thick, large oval shaped body
triangular vertebral column
Sacrum - Answer -function: protects organs
is curves, more in males than females
coccyx - Answer -attached to ligaments and muscles of the anus
controls defecation (pooping)
function of thoracic cage - Answer -protects the heart and lungs
attaches to skeletal muscles
the forearm - Answer -AKA antebrachium
consists of ulna and radius
radius - Answer -lateral, articulates with the humerus, ulna and carpals
ulna - Answer -medial, articulates with the humerus, radius and carpals
the wrist has how many carpal bones? - Answer -8
metacarpals - Answer -5 bones
numbered (1-5) from the thumb out
make up palm of the hand
another name for thumb - Answer -pollex
only has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal)
3 components of pelvic girdle - Answer -ilium, ischium, pubis
function of pelvic girdle - Answer -connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
Pelvis formed from - Answer -pelvic girdle, the sacrum, and the coccyx
pubic angle - Answer -male: 90 degrees or less
female: 100 degrees or more
