CIPP/E Exam Questions With 100%
Correct Answers Latest 2025/2026,
Graded A+.
/. The implementation of appropriate *technical and organisational measures* to ensure
and be able to *demonstrate* that the handling of personal data is performed in
accordance with relevant law, an idea codified in the EU General Data Protection
Regulation and other frameworks, including APEC's Cross Border Privacy Rules.
Traditionally has been a *fair information practices principle*, that due diligence and
reasonable steps will be undertaken to ensure that personal information will be
protected and handled consistently with relevant law and other fair use principles. -
Answer-✅Accountability
/.Organizations must take every *reasonable* step to ensure the data processed is this
and, where *necessary*, kept up to date. Reasonable measures should be understood
as implementing processes to prevent inaccuracies during the data collection process
as well as during the ongoing data processing in relation to the specific use for which
the data is processed. The organization must consider the type of data and the specific
purposes to maintain the accuracy of personal data in relation to the purpose. Also
embodies the responsibility to respond to data subject requests to correct records that
contain incomplete information or misinformation. - Answer-✅Accuracy
/.A transfer of personal data from the European Union to a third country or an
international organisation may take place where the European Commission has decided
that the third country, a territory or one or more specified sectors within that third
country, or the international organisation in question, ensures this by taking into account
the *following elements*: *(a)* the rule of law, respect for *human rights* and
fundamental freedoms, both *general and sectoral legislation*, data protection rules,
professional rules and security measures, effective and *enforceable data subject
rights* and *effective administrative and judicial redress* for the data subjects whose
personal data is being transferred; *(b)* the existence and *effective* functioning of
independent *supervisory authorities* with responsibility for ensuring and enforcing
compliance with the data protection rules; (c) the *international commitments* the -
Answer-✅Adequate Level of Protection
/.The requirement under the GDPR that the European Data Protection Board and each
supervisory authority *periodically report on their activities*. The supervisory authority
report should include infringements and the activities that the authority conducted under
their Article 58(2) powers. The EDPB report should include *guidelines,
recommendations, best practices and binding decisions*. Additionally, the report should
,include the protection of natural persons with regard to processing in the EU and, where
relevant, in third countries and international organisations. Shall be *made public and be
transmitted to the European Parliament, to the Council and to the Commission*. -
Answer-✅Annual Reports
/.In contrast to personal data, this is not related to an identified or an identifiable natural
person and *cannot be combined with other information to re-identify individuals*. It has
been rendered unidentifiable and, as such, is not protected by the GDPR. - Answer-
✅Anonymous Information
/.*indications of special classes* of personal *data*. If there exists law protecting against
discrimination based on a class or status, it is likely personal information relating to that
class or status is *subject to more stringent* data protection regulation, under the GDPR
or otherwise. - Answer-✅Anti-discrimination Laws
/.The GDPR refers to these in a number of contexts, *including* the *transfer* of
personal data *to third countries* outside the European Union, the processing of
*special categories* of data, *and* the processing of personal data in a *law
enforcement* context. This generally refers to the application of the general data
protection principles, in particular purpose limitation, data minimisation, limited storage
periods, data quality, data protection by design and by default, legal basis for
processing, processing of special categories of personal data, measures to ensure data
security, and the requirements in respect of onward transfers to bodies not bound by the
binding corporate rules. This *may* also *refer to* the use of *encryption or
pseudonymization*, *standard* data protection *clause*s adopted by the Commission,
contractual clauses authorized by a supervisory authority, or *certification schemes* or
*codes of - Answer-✅Appropriate Safeguards
/.The GDPR requires a *risk-based approach* to data protection, whereby organizations
*take into account* the *nature*, *scope*, *context and purposes* of processing, as well
as the risks of varying *likelihood* and *severity to* the *rights and freedoms* of natural
persons, and institute policies, controls and certain technologies to mitigate those risks.
These might help meet the obligation to keep personal data secure, including technical
safeguards against accidents and negligence or deliberate and malevolent actions, or
involve the implementation of data protection policies. These measures should be
demonstrable on demand to data protection authorities and reviewed regularly. -
Answer-✅Appropriate Technical and Organizational Measures
/.Was a European Union organization that functioned as an *independent advisory
body* on data protection and privacy and consisted of the collected data protection
authorities of the member states. It was *replaced by* the similarly constituted European
Data Protection Board (*EDPB*) on May 25, 2018, *when* the *GDPR went into effect*.
- Answer-✅Article 29 Working Party
/.The process by which an entity (such as a person or computer system) determines
whether another entity is who it claims to be. *is required* by the GDPR *when* the data
, subject is *exercising certain rights*, such as the rights to *deletion or rectification*, and
might include supplying log-in details or biometric information. However, the data
controller should not be obliged to acquire additional information in order to identify the
data subject for the sole purpose of complying with any provision of the Regulation. -
Answer-✅Authentication
/.A processing operation that is performed without any human intervention. "Profiling" is
defined in the GDPR, for example, as the automated processing of personal data to
evaluate certain personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to *analyse
or predict aspects concerning that natural person's performance at work, economic
situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or
movements*. Data subjects, under the GDPR, have a *right to object* to such
processing. - Answer-✅Automated Processing
/.Data is this if it is *accessible when needed* by the organization or data subject. The
GDPR requires that *a business* be able to ensure this of personal data and have the
ability to *restore it and access* to personal data in a *timely manner* in the event of a
physical or technical incident. - Answer-✅Availability
/.Organizations may want to verify an applicant's ability to function in the working
environment as well as assuring the safety and security of existing workers. Range from
checking a person's educational background to checking on past criminal activity.
*Employee consent requirements* for such checks *vary by member state and may be
negotiated with local works councils*. - Answer-✅Background Screening/Checks
/.Most often done via automated processing of personal data, or profiling, the GDPR
requires that *data subjects* be able to *opt-out of any automated processing, to be
informed of the logic involved in any automatic personal data processing and, at least
when based on profiling, be informed of the consequences of such processing*. If
cookies are used to store or access information for the purposes of behavioral
advertising, the ePrivacy Directive requires that data subjects provide consent for the
placement of such cookies, after having been provided with clear and comprehensive
information. - Answer-✅Behavioral Advertising
/.An appropriate safeguard allowed by the GDPR to facilitate *cross-border transfers* of
personal data *between* the various *entities of a corporate group worldwide*. They do
so by ensuring that the same high level of protection of personal data is complied with
by all members of the organizational group by means of a single set of binding and
enforceable rules. Compel organizations to be able to demonstrate their compliance
with all aspects of applicable data protection legislation and *are approved by a member
state data protection authority*. To date, relatively few organizations have had these
approved. - Answer-✅Binding Corporate Rules
/.Previously, the EU distinguished between these for controllers and processors. With
the GDPR, there is *now no distinction* made between the two in this context and
Correct Answers Latest 2025/2026,
Graded A+.
/. The implementation of appropriate *technical and organisational measures* to ensure
and be able to *demonstrate* that the handling of personal data is performed in
accordance with relevant law, an idea codified in the EU General Data Protection
Regulation and other frameworks, including APEC's Cross Border Privacy Rules.
Traditionally has been a *fair information practices principle*, that due diligence and
reasonable steps will be undertaken to ensure that personal information will be
protected and handled consistently with relevant law and other fair use principles. -
Answer-✅Accountability
/.Organizations must take every *reasonable* step to ensure the data processed is this
and, where *necessary*, kept up to date. Reasonable measures should be understood
as implementing processes to prevent inaccuracies during the data collection process
as well as during the ongoing data processing in relation to the specific use for which
the data is processed. The organization must consider the type of data and the specific
purposes to maintain the accuracy of personal data in relation to the purpose. Also
embodies the responsibility to respond to data subject requests to correct records that
contain incomplete information or misinformation. - Answer-✅Accuracy
/.A transfer of personal data from the European Union to a third country or an
international organisation may take place where the European Commission has decided
that the third country, a territory or one or more specified sectors within that third
country, or the international organisation in question, ensures this by taking into account
the *following elements*: *(a)* the rule of law, respect for *human rights* and
fundamental freedoms, both *general and sectoral legislation*, data protection rules,
professional rules and security measures, effective and *enforceable data subject
rights* and *effective administrative and judicial redress* for the data subjects whose
personal data is being transferred; *(b)* the existence and *effective* functioning of
independent *supervisory authorities* with responsibility for ensuring and enforcing
compliance with the data protection rules; (c) the *international commitments* the -
Answer-✅Adequate Level of Protection
/.The requirement under the GDPR that the European Data Protection Board and each
supervisory authority *periodically report on their activities*. The supervisory authority
report should include infringements and the activities that the authority conducted under
their Article 58(2) powers. The EDPB report should include *guidelines,
recommendations, best practices and binding decisions*. Additionally, the report should
,include the protection of natural persons with regard to processing in the EU and, where
relevant, in third countries and international organisations. Shall be *made public and be
transmitted to the European Parliament, to the Council and to the Commission*. -
Answer-✅Annual Reports
/.In contrast to personal data, this is not related to an identified or an identifiable natural
person and *cannot be combined with other information to re-identify individuals*. It has
been rendered unidentifiable and, as such, is not protected by the GDPR. - Answer-
✅Anonymous Information
/.*indications of special classes* of personal *data*. If there exists law protecting against
discrimination based on a class or status, it is likely personal information relating to that
class or status is *subject to more stringent* data protection regulation, under the GDPR
or otherwise. - Answer-✅Anti-discrimination Laws
/.The GDPR refers to these in a number of contexts, *including* the *transfer* of
personal data *to third countries* outside the European Union, the processing of
*special categories* of data, *and* the processing of personal data in a *law
enforcement* context. This generally refers to the application of the general data
protection principles, in particular purpose limitation, data minimisation, limited storage
periods, data quality, data protection by design and by default, legal basis for
processing, processing of special categories of personal data, measures to ensure data
security, and the requirements in respect of onward transfers to bodies not bound by the
binding corporate rules. This *may* also *refer to* the use of *encryption or
pseudonymization*, *standard* data protection *clause*s adopted by the Commission,
contractual clauses authorized by a supervisory authority, or *certification schemes* or
*codes of - Answer-✅Appropriate Safeguards
/.The GDPR requires a *risk-based approach* to data protection, whereby organizations
*take into account* the *nature*, *scope*, *context and purposes* of processing, as well
as the risks of varying *likelihood* and *severity to* the *rights and freedoms* of natural
persons, and institute policies, controls and certain technologies to mitigate those risks.
These might help meet the obligation to keep personal data secure, including technical
safeguards against accidents and negligence or deliberate and malevolent actions, or
involve the implementation of data protection policies. These measures should be
demonstrable on demand to data protection authorities and reviewed regularly. -
Answer-✅Appropriate Technical and Organizational Measures
/.Was a European Union organization that functioned as an *independent advisory
body* on data protection and privacy and consisted of the collected data protection
authorities of the member states. It was *replaced by* the similarly constituted European
Data Protection Board (*EDPB*) on May 25, 2018, *when* the *GDPR went into effect*.
- Answer-✅Article 29 Working Party
/.The process by which an entity (such as a person or computer system) determines
whether another entity is who it claims to be. *is required* by the GDPR *when* the data
, subject is *exercising certain rights*, such as the rights to *deletion or rectification*, and
might include supplying log-in details or biometric information. However, the data
controller should not be obliged to acquire additional information in order to identify the
data subject for the sole purpose of complying with any provision of the Regulation. -
Answer-✅Authentication
/.A processing operation that is performed without any human intervention. "Profiling" is
defined in the GDPR, for example, as the automated processing of personal data to
evaluate certain personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to *analyse
or predict aspects concerning that natural person's performance at work, economic
situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or
movements*. Data subjects, under the GDPR, have a *right to object* to such
processing. - Answer-✅Automated Processing
/.Data is this if it is *accessible when needed* by the organization or data subject. The
GDPR requires that *a business* be able to ensure this of personal data and have the
ability to *restore it and access* to personal data in a *timely manner* in the event of a
physical or technical incident. - Answer-✅Availability
/.Organizations may want to verify an applicant's ability to function in the working
environment as well as assuring the safety and security of existing workers. Range from
checking a person's educational background to checking on past criminal activity.
*Employee consent requirements* for such checks *vary by member state and may be
negotiated with local works councils*. - Answer-✅Background Screening/Checks
/.Most often done via automated processing of personal data, or profiling, the GDPR
requires that *data subjects* be able to *opt-out of any automated processing, to be
informed of the logic involved in any automatic personal data processing and, at least
when based on profiling, be informed of the consequences of such processing*. If
cookies are used to store or access information for the purposes of behavioral
advertising, the ePrivacy Directive requires that data subjects provide consent for the
placement of such cookies, after having been provided with clear and comprehensive
information. - Answer-✅Behavioral Advertising
/.An appropriate safeguard allowed by the GDPR to facilitate *cross-border transfers* of
personal data *between* the various *entities of a corporate group worldwide*. They do
so by ensuring that the same high level of protection of personal data is complied with
by all members of the organizational group by means of a single set of binding and
enforceable rules. Compel organizations to be able to demonstrate their compliance
with all aspects of applicable data protection legislation and *are approved by a member
state data protection authority*. To date, relatively few organizations have had these
approved. - Answer-✅Binding Corporate Rules
/.Previously, the EU distinguished between these for controllers and processors. With
the GDPR, there is *now no distinction* made between the two in this context and
