ANAPH-M1/CU3-6
FIRST SEMESTER: Q2 (Integumentary-Nervous System)
● Stratum Spinosum: 8-10 layers of many-
provides strength and flexibility.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
● Stratum Granulosum: 3-5 layers of flatte
undergoing apoptosis, contains keratin a
● Components: Skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors. ● Stratum Lucidum: 4-6 layers of flattened
● Skin (Cutaneous Membrane): Largest organ, covers external surfaces. keratinocytes with large amounts of kera
thick skin (fingertips, palms, soles).
Major Functions: ● Stratum Corneum: 25-30 layers of flatte
● Protection: Primary defense against microorganisms, barrier interior mostly keratin. Protects deeper l
against UV light, maintains fluid balance, prevents dehydration. and microbial invasion. Lipids prevent f
● Sensation: Receptors perceive pain, pressure, temperature to form calluses or corns.
changes. Includes mechanoreceptors, Meissner corpuscles,
Pacinian corpuscles, thermoreceptors, nociceptors.
● Vitamin D Production: Skin exposure to sunlight helps
synthesize Vitamin D, essential for calcium absorption and
normal bone/muscle function.
● Temperature Regulation: Blood flow beneath skin and sweat
gland activity regulate body temperature.
● Excretion: Small amounts of waste products (salt, ammonia,
urea) lost through skin and glands.
Skin Layers
Epidermis: Superficial, thinner portion. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Prevents
water loss, resists abrasion through keratinization. Dermis: Deeper, thicker, dense connective tissue. Responsible for most o
● Epidermal Cells:Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells. strength. Contains fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, nerves, hair foll
● Layers (deepest to superficial): muscles, glands, lymphatic vessels.
● Stratum Basale (germinatum): Deepest layer,
columnar/cuboidal cells, stem cells produce keratinocytes.
, ANAPH-M1/CU3-6
FIRST SEMESTER: Q2 (Integumentary-Nervous System)
● Structural Strength: Relies on collagen and elastic fibers. Collagen fibers run in ■ Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration due to drop in ox
different directions, creating tension lines (cleavage lines). Overstretching causes ■ Albinism: Inherited trait, individuals do not prod
stretch marks. ■ Freckles: Melanin accumulation in patches.
● Dermal Papillae: Uppermost portion of dermis. Contains blood vessels for nutrients, ■ Mole (Nevus): Round pigmentation from overgr
thermoregulation, waste elimination. Aligned in parallels, forming melanocytes.
fingerprints/footprints. Contains blood capillaries, nerve endings for sensory ■ Vitiligo: Irregular white spots due to complete or
receptors (Meissner corpuscles, free nerve endings for warmth, coolness, pain, melanocytes.
tickling, itching).
● Reticular Region: Deeper part of dermis, attached to subcutaneous layer. Contains
Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis)
bundles of collagen, coarse elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, oil
glands, sweat glands. ● Deep to the dermis, not part of skin. Consists of areolar connectiv
tissue. Anchors skin to Underlying tissues/organs
● The storage depot for fat,
Skin Color ● Contains large blood vessels. Clinically measured for lifestyle di
● Caused by pigments:
Accessory Skin Structures
○ Melanin: Pale yellow to reddish brown to black.
- Abundant in moles, freckles, nipples, areola.
- Protects from UV rays. ● Develop from epidermis.
- Produced by melanocytes in stratum basale. ○ Hair (Pili): Protects skin and other structures. Found alm
- Differences in skin color due to amount and shade of melanin except palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of genitalia. Thic
produced. distribution determined by genetics and hormones.
○ Carotene: Yellowish hue from carotene-rich foods. Lipid-soluble, ■ Functions: Guards scalp from injury/sun, eyebro
accumulates in adipocytes and subcutaneous tissues. eyes, nostril hair filters insects/particles.
○ Hemoglobin: Red color in light-skinned individuals due to oxygen-carrying ■ Production: In hair bulb, nourished by blood ves
pigment in red blood cells visible through translucent epidermis. Cells divide and keratinize. Grows longer as cell
○ Conditions Affecting Skin Color: ■ Structure: Shaft (superficial portion), Root (belo
■ Increased Melanin Production: Darkening of areas (e.g., during dermis/subcutaneous layer), Cortex (hard, surrou
pregnancy). Medulla (softer center), Cuticle (overlapping cel
■ Paleness/Redness: Due to blood flow.
, ANAPH-M1/CU3-6
FIRST SEMESTER: Q2 (Integumentary-Nervous System)
follicle), Hair Follicle (surrounds root, epidermal cells), Hair Root ■ Color: Nail body is pink (blood vessels show thr
Plexuses (nerve endings, sensitive to touch). white (no underlying tissue). Lunula is white (na
■ Associated Structures:Sebaceous glands, Arrector Pili muscle vessels to show).
(extends from upper dermis to hair follicle, contracts to pull hair
shafts perpendicular to skin, causing goosebumps).
SKELETAL SYSTEM
○ Glands: Produce secretions.
■ Sebaceous Glands: In dermis, open into hair follicles or directly onto
skin. Secrete sebum (oily substance with lipids and cellular debris). A. Structure and Skeletal Tissues
Softens skin, prevents water loss, lubricates skin/hair. Can lead to ● Extracellular Matrix:
blackheads and pimples if enlarged. ○ Collagen: Tough, rope-like protein, provides strength to
■ Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous Glands): Most numerous skin glands ligaments, and bones.
(3-4 million). ○ Mineral Component: Primarily calcium phosphate crysta
● Eccrine Glands: Produce transparent, watery sweat hydroxyapatite, gives bone compression and weight-bear
(potassium, ammonia, lactic acid, uric acid, wastes). ○ Proteoglycans: Large molecules of polysaccharides attac
Widespread, abundant in palms, soles, forehead, upper torso. Attract and retain large amounts of water, forming aggre
● Apocrine Glands:Limited to axillary and pubic regions. ● Classification of Bones (by shape):
Produce thicker sweat, often released during emotional
stress. Respond to stress and sexual stimulation. Odorless ○ Long Bones: Longer than wide, knobby ends (articulatio
until bacteria degrade substances, causing body odor. - Hollow in middle, solid on ends.
○ Nails: Plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells. - Covered by periosteum (dense connective tissue
■ Functions: Grasp/manipulate small objects, protect fingertips/toes, (thinner inner lining).
scratching.
■ Parts: Nail Body (externally visible), Nail Root (covered, extends to Parts: Diaphysis (shaft/b
nail matrix), Nail Matrix (thicker than nail bed, produces most of (head of each end), Med
nail), Lunula (whitish, crescent-shaped area at base of nail body, part (marrow cavity, contain
of nail matrix), Cuticle (eponychium, stratum corneum extending Articular Cartilage (thin
onto nail body), Nail Bed (underlying tissue). cartilage covering epiph
■ Growth: Continuous, no resting stage. Cells in nail matrix keratinize
as nail grows outward. Fingernails grow ~1 mm/week.
FIRST SEMESTER: Q2 (Integumentary-Nervous System)
● Stratum Spinosum: 8-10 layers of many-
provides strength and flexibility.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
● Stratum Granulosum: 3-5 layers of flatte
undergoing apoptosis, contains keratin a
● Components: Skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors. ● Stratum Lucidum: 4-6 layers of flattened
● Skin (Cutaneous Membrane): Largest organ, covers external surfaces. keratinocytes with large amounts of kera
thick skin (fingertips, palms, soles).
Major Functions: ● Stratum Corneum: 25-30 layers of flatte
● Protection: Primary defense against microorganisms, barrier interior mostly keratin. Protects deeper l
against UV light, maintains fluid balance, prevents dehydration. and microbial invasion. Lipids prevent f
● Sensation: Receptors perceive pain, pressure, temperature to form calluses or corns.
changes. Includes mechanoreceptors, Meissner corpuscles,
Pacinian corpuscles, thermoreceptors, nociceptors.
● Vitamin D Production: Skin exposure to sunlight helps
synthesize Vitamin D, essential for calcium absorption and
normal bone/muscle function.
● Temperature Regulation: Blood flow beneath skin and sweat
gland activity regulate body temperature.
● Excretion: Small amounts of waste products (salt, ammonia,
urea) lost through skin and glands.
Skin Layers
Epidermis: Superficial, thinner portion. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Prevents
water loss, resists abrasion through keratinization. Dermis: Deeper, thicker, dense connective tissue. Responsible for most o
● Epidermal Cells:Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells. strength. Contains fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, nerves, hair foll
● Layers (deepest to superficial): muscles, glands, lymphatic vessels.
● Stratum Basale (germinatum): Deepest layer,
columnar/cuboidal cells, stem cells produce keratinocytes.
, ANAPH-M1/CU3-6
FIRST SEMESTER: Q2 (Integumentary-Nervous System)
● Structural Strength: Relies on collagen and elastic fibers. Collagen fibers run in ■ Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration due to drop in ox
different directions, creating tension lines (cleavage lines). Overstretching causes ■ Albinism: Inherited trait, individuals do not prod
stretch marks. ■ Freckles: Melanin accumulation in patches.
● Dermal Papillae: Uppermost portion of dermis. Contains blood vessels for nutrients, ■ Mole (Nevus): Round pigmentation from overgr
thermoregulation, waste elimination. Aligned in parallels, forming melanocytes.
fingerprints/footprints. Contains blood capillaries, nerve endings for sensory ■ Vitiligo: Irregular white spots due to complete or
receptors (Meissner corpuscles, free nerve endings for warmth, coolness, pain, melanocytes.
tickling, itching).
● Reticular Region: Deeper part of dermis, attached to subcutaneous layer. Contains
Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis)
bundles of collagen, coarse elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, oil
glands, sweat glands. ● Deep to the dermis, not part of skin. Consists of areolar connectiv
tissue. Anchors skin to Underlying tissues/organs
● The storage depot for fat,
Skin Color ● Contains large blood vessels. Clinically measured for lifestyle di
● Caused by pigments:
Accessory Skin Structures
○ Melanin: Pale yellow to reddish brown to black.
- Abundant in moles, freckles, nipples, areola.
- Protects from UV rays. ● Develop from epidermis.
- Produced by melanocytes in stratum basale. ○ Hair (Pili): Protects skin and other structures. Found alm
- Differences in skin color due to amount and shade of melanin except palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of genitalia. Thic
produced. distribution determined by genetics and hormones.
○ Carotene: Yellowish hue from carotene-rich foods. Lipid-soluble, ■ Functions: Guards scalp from injury/sun, eyebro
accumulates in adipocytes and subcutaneous tissues. eyes, nostril hair filters insects/particles.
○ Hemoglobin: Red color in light-skinned individuals due to oxygen-carrying ■ Production: In hair bulb, nourished by blood ves
pigment in red blood cells visible through translucent epidermis. Cells divide and keratinize. Grows longer as cell
○ Conditions Affecting Skin Color: ■ Structure: Shaft (superficial portion), Root (belo
■ Increased Melanin Production: Darkening of areas (e.g., during dermis/subcutaneous layer), Cortex (hard, surrou
pregnancy). Medulla (softer center), Cuticle (overlapping cel
■ Paleness/Redness: Due to blood flow.
, ANAPH-M1/CU3-6
FIRST SEMESTER: Q2 (Integumentary-Nervous System)
follicle), Hair Follicle (surrounds root, epidermal cells), Hair Root ■ Color: Nail body is pink (blood vessels show thr
Plexuses (nerve endings, sensitive to touch). white (no underlying tissue). Lunula is white (na
■ Associated Structures:Sebaceous glands, Arrector Pili muscle vessels to show).
(extends from upper dermis to hair follicle, contracts to pull hair
shafts perpendicular to skin, causing goosebumps).
SKELETAL SYSTEM
○ Glands: Produce secretions.
■ Sebaceous Glands: In dermis, open into hair follicles or directly onto
skin. Secrete sebum (oily substance with lipids and cellular debris). A. Structure and Skeletal Tissues
Softens skin, prevents water loss, lubricates skin/hair. Can lead to ● Extracellular Matrix:
blackheads and pimples if enlarged. ○ Collagen: Tough, rope-like protein, provides strength to
■ Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous Glands): Most numerous skin glands ligaments, and bones.
(3-4 million). ○ Mineral Component: Primarily calcium phosphate crysta
● Eccrine Glands: Produce transparent, watery sweat hydroxyapatite, gives bone compression and weight-bear
(potassium, ammonia, lactic acid, uric acid, wastes). ○ Proteoglycans: Large molecules of polysaccharides attac
Widespread, abundant in palms, soles, forehead, upper torso. Attract and retain large amounts of water, forming aggre
● Apocrine Glands:Limited to axillary and pubic regions. ● Classification of Bones (by shape):
Produce thicker sweat, often released during emotional
stress. Respond to stress and sexual stimulation. Odorless ○ Long Bones: Longer than wide, knobby ends (articulatio
until bacteria degrade substances, causing body odor. - Hollow in middle, solid on ends.
○ Nails: Plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells. - Covered by periosteum (dense connective tissue
■ Functions: Grasp/manipulate small objects, protect fingertips/toes, (thinner inner lining).
scratching.
■ Parts: Nail Body (externally visible), Nail Root (covered, extends to Parts: Diaphysis (shaft/b
nail matrix), Nail Matrix (thicker than nail bed, produces most of (head of each end), Med
nail), Lunula (whitish, crescent-shaped area at base of nail body, part (marrow cavity, contain
of nail matrix), Cuticle (eponychium, stratum corneum extending Articular Cartilage (thin
onto nail body), Nail Bed (underlying tissue). cartilage covering epiph
■ Growth: Continuous, no resting stage. Cells in nail matrix keratinize
as nail grows outward. Fingernails grow ~1 mm/week.
