1.3.1: Charles I + Parliament: 1625 - 1629 FIRST PARLIAMENT SECOND PARLIAMENT
BACKGROUND Opening Mood: Great expectation/hope. Both anti-Spanish: both wanted Concerns: Failure in Cadiz: Parl. blame DoB. York House Conference:
War. C didn't share many of J poorer qualities. C was essentially an DoB as chair showed Parl. could protest, but couldn't alternate the
Inherited Problems English Monarch, unlike J. YET: C + Parl. soon fell out over a series of direction of Church. Pricking of MPs: more radical opponents emerged.
issues.
Religion: England violently anti-catholic. C didn't help: Parl. demands for granting taxes: (1) Impeach DoB for 'High Treason':
promoted Arminianism and had a Catholic wife, Henrietta Why did it Fail?: Both King and Parl. lost trust in each other. C felt poor and illegal advice, monopoly of power, corrupt, attempted to convert
Maria betrayed: couldn't understand how Parl. refused to finance a war they C to Catholicism. (2) FP: Why did Cadiz Fail?, France support war against
Finances: Ordinary income didn't cover everything and J wanted. C resented attacks on DoB and unhappy over T&P. Believed Spain due to Marriage, England to attack France + help Huguenots
Parl. was being led astray by a group of conspirators: wanted to remove (French Protestants) in La Rochelle. (3) Arminianism: C promotion scared
left a £1m debt
them to restore Harmony. C not prepared to trade the settling of Parl. of increasing political influence. Dissolved Parl. to protect DoB.
Dislike of DoB: undue influence over court & his
grievances for money.
monopolisation of Patronage. BUT, C resolutely devoted
Parl.: concerned over DROK and fears of absolutism C Rule without Parliament (1626 – 1628)
FP: England effectively at war with Spain Wider Issues
Problems: C felt Parl. was attacking his judgement by challenging his
Aims T&P: T&P granted to every monarch for entire reign since choice of advisors, FP + Religion. Introduced 5 Controversial measures.
Henry 7th: C expected to be granted. Parl. granted for 1 year: C
collected before and after this period, angering Parl. Parl.
Short-Term: War against Spain + Raising Money for it: felt The Forced Loan (1626): Forced collection of a £240,000
feared being undermined as an institution - wanted to reaffirm
personally humiliated after the Trip to Madrid and wanted to support subsidy without Parl. consent: C being vindictive + inflexible.
tax control.
FoTP. Long-Term: Assert DROK and enforce his rigid policies. Appeared Extra-Parl. taxation by forcing nobility to pay. 5/76
Promote Arminianism: wanted greater presence in Church. Gentleman, inc. Sir John Elliot + Thomas Wentworth, refused to
FP: Mansfield + Cadiz failed: blamed DoB + wanted him pay/imprisoned. Led to Five Knights Trial.
removed. Subsidies granted for war in 1624 misused: Parl.
Specific Issues angry.
The Five Knights Trial (1627): 5/76 Claim 'Habeas
Corpus': innocent until proven guilty: not passed
Failure in Cadiz (1625): DoB (Lord High Admiral) led navy to Cadiz, Royal Marriage: C married Henrietta Maria, a practicing through Parl. so illegal won: Judiciary ruled use of
seeking to seize Spanish Gold Ships. 105 Ships and 10,000 men: Catholic: allowed to bring priests to Whitehall. Parl. feared it Royal Prerogative Power: C appointed the Judiciary:
only 65 ships didn't return. Port well defended: soldiers ended up threatened the English Church. monarchical control? Parl. concerned about C
drunk after finding Spanish wine. Parl. blame DoB: John Elliot 'our arbitrary action which symbolised an era of
honour is ruined, our ships are sunk, our men perished, not by absolutism.
Divine Right: C didn't explain himself adequately: sought to be
chance but by those we trust'. Parl. blamed successive crises upon unchallenged. E.g. requested a £1m tax, but didn’t explain
DoB: scapegoat? why/what for. Only granted £140,000. Arminianism (1627): ABoC, George Abbot, suspended for
refusing Sermon to be delivered by Robert Sibthorpe. Sermon:
York House Conference (1626): Called to discuss Arminianism, Arminians encouraged congregated to pay TFL: individual
Religion (Richard Montagu/Arminianism): Montagu
akin to Hampton Court Conference. Richard Montagu: published a wishes subordinate to Govt + have a duty tp be obedient
(Arminian) published the tract ‘An old Gag for a new Goose’,
tract called Apello Ceaserum, denouncing predestination and whether the demand is right or wrong – refusal = punishment by
criticising Puritans and idea of Predestination. 1624: J allowed
favouring free will (similar to his 1624 'An Old Gag for a new Goose'). God + King. Parl. feared a form of Papal Tyranny designed to
it to remain published, angering George Abbott. 1625: J
Earl of Warwick, Puritan, sought C to ban the tract and reaffirm belief promote absolutism.
promoted Montagu to ‘Court Chaplain’ – a position of important
in Predestination. C didn't attend: sent DoB to arbitrate for him, and religious significance. Effectively ensured that C was keen to
refused to rescind support for Montagu. Parl. annoyed over DoB promote Arminians. Billeting (1627): C demanded public take in + support troops at
continuous resounding influence. DoB Arminian too. own expense. Concerned public over breach of the liberties of
private wealth and property.
Parl. Privileges: C antagonised Lords by sending Earl of
Pricking of MPs: C/DoB removed opposition leaders from commons Arundel to Tower: Lords protested, C released. Sir John
to become Sheriffs, forcing them to remain in counties to collect Elliot/Dudley Digges introduced impeachment charges before Martial Law (1627): C declared martial law: Army control legal
taxes. Parl. feared C trying to manipulate them: C believed HoL, C sent to tower: commons refused to do business, C system, i.e. right to appeal legal decisions/legal proceedings
opposition was a minority of mis-guided radicals. C opposition was forced to backdown. Implied C didn't believe in parl. privileges. within the law. Reeked of absolutism: by-passing Parl.
greater than expected: by removing MPs he enacted a platform for laws/threatened Rule of Law.
radical opponents, inc. the likes of Sir Edward Coke + Thomas
Wentworth. Impeachment: 1629: Parl. begin to impeach DoB, offering 4
THIRD PARLIAMENT subsidies for C. C dissolved Parl. to protect DoB, losing TOPIC ANALYSISFP: La Rochelle (1627): DoB led soldiers to La Rochelle:
subsidies too. ladders brought were too short: another failure. 8,000 soldiers
Evaluation/Judgement served and 3,000 returned. Since 1624: 50,000 men served
Petition of Right: Parl. grant 5 subsidies + T/P for life if recognise their Key issue: Why did C fall out with Parliament by 1629?
DoB and 1/3 died. Impact: Charles wasted resources, DoB lost
grievances. Grievances: Extra-Parl. taxes illegal, Imprisonment without
Not successful – series+ofMartial
avoidable more credibility, C forced to recall Parl.
cause illegal, Billeting Law failures undermine
illegal. NOT trust merely
RADICAL: and a 'fait
legitimacy
accompli' for bothsomething
(clarify C + Parl. Plagued with exists).
that already instability/uncertainty. Dispute Analysis Points to Include
Charles fundamentally believed his authority should be obeyed without 1. Pricking of MPs
question – he believed that he was God’s representative on Earth, and he was 2. Parliamentary Privileges
BACKGROUND Opening Mood: Great expectation/hope. Both anti-Spanish: both wanted Concerns: Failure in Cadiz: Parl. blame DoB. York House Conference:
War. C didn't share many of J poorer qualities. C was essentially an DoB as chair showed Parl. could protest, but couldn't alternate the
Inherited Problems English Monarch, unlike J. YET: C + Parl. soon fell out over a series of direction of Church. Pricking of MPs: more radical opponents emerged.
issues.
Religion: England violently anti-catholic. C didn't help: Parl. demands for granting taxes: (1) Impeach DoB for 'High Treason':
promoted Arminianism and had a Catholic wife, Henrietta Why did it Fail?: Both King and Parl. lost trust in each other. C felt poor and illegal advice, monopoly of power, corrupt, attempted to convert
Maria betrayed: couldn't understand how Parl. refused to finance a war they C to Catholicism. (2) FP: Why did Cadiz Fail?, France support war against
Finances: Ordinary income didn't cover everything and J wanted. C resented attacks on DoB and unhappy over T&P. Believed Spain due to Marriage, England to attack France + help Huguenots
Parl. was being led astray by a group of conspirators: wanted to remove (French Protestants) in La Rochelle. (3) Arminianism: C promotion scared
left a £1m debt
them to restore Harmony. C not prepared to trade the settling of Parl. of increasing political influence. Dissolved Parl. to protect DoB.
Dislike of DoB: undue influence over court & his
grievances for money.
monopolisation of Patronage. BUT, C resolutely devoted
Parl.: concerned over DROK and fears of absolutism C Rule without Parliament (1626 – 1628)
FP: England effectively at war with Spain Wider Issues
Problems: C felt Parl. was attacking his judgement by challenging his
Aims T&P: T&P granted to every monarch for entire reign since choice of advisors, FP + Religion. Introduced 5 Controversial measures.
Henry 7th: C expected to be granted. Parl. granted for 1 year: C
collected before and after this period, angering Parl. Parl.
Short-Term: War against Spain + Raising Money for it: felt The Forced Loan (1626): Forced collection of a £240,000
feared being undermined as an institution - wanted to reaffirm
personally humiliated after the Trip to Madrid and wanted to support subsidy without Parl. consent: C being vindictive + inflexible.
tax control.
FoTP. Long-Term: Assert DROK and enforce his rigid policies. Appeared Extra-Parl. taxation by forcing nobility to pay. 5/76
Promote Arminianism: wanted greater presence in Church. Gentleman, inc. Sir John Elliot + Thomas Wentworth, refused to
FP: Mansfield + Cadiz failed: blamed DoB + wanted him pay/imprisoned. Led to Five Knights Trial.
removed. Subsidies granted for war in 1624 misused: Parl.
Specific Issues angry.
The Five Knights Trial (1627): 5/76 Claim 'Habeas
Corpus': innocent until proven guilty: not passed
Failure in Cadiz (1625): DoB (Lord High Admiral) led navy to Cadiz, Royal Marriage: C married Henrietta Maria, a practicing through Parl. so illegal won: Judiciary ruled use of
seeking to seize Spanish Gold Ships. 105 Ships and 10,000 men: Catholic: allowed to bring priests to Whitehall. Parl. feared it Royal Prerogative Power: C appointed the Judiciary:
only 65 ships didn't return. Port well defended: soldiers ended up threatened the English Church. monarchical control? Parl. concerned about C
drunk after finding Spanish wine. Parl. blame DoB: John Elliot 'our arbitrary action which symbolised an era of
honour is ruined, our ships are sunk, our men perished, not by absolutism.
Divine Right: C didn't explain himself adequately: sought to be
chance but by those we trust'. Parl. blamed successive crises upon unchallenged. E.g. requested a £1m tax, but didn’t explain
DoB: scapegoat? why/what for. Only granted £140,000. Arminianism (1627): ABoC, George Abbot, suspended for
refusing Sermon to be delivered by Robert Sibthorpe. Sermon:
York House Conference (1626): Called to discuss Arminianism, Arminians encouraged congregated to pay TFL: individual
Religion (Richard Montagu/Arminianism): Montagu
akin to Hampton Court Conference. Richard Montagu: published a wishes subordinate to Govt + have a duty tp be obedient
(Arminian) published the tract ‘An old Gag for a new Goose’,
tract called Apello Ceaserum, denouncing predestination and whether the demand is right or wrong – refusal = punishment by
criticising Puritans and idea of Predestination. 1624: J allowed
favouring free will (similar to his 1624 'An Old Gag for a new Goose'). God + King. Parl. feared a form of Papal Tyranny designed to
it to remain published, angering George Abbott. 1625: J
Earl of Warwick, Puritan, sought C to ban the tract and reaffirm belief promote absolutism.
promoted Montagu to ‘Court Chaplain’ – a position of important
in Predestination. C didn't attend: sent DoB to arbitrate for him, and religious significance. Effectively ensured that C was keen to
refused to rescind support for Montagu. Parl. annoyed over DoB promote Arminians. Billeting (1627): C demanded public take in + support troops at
continuous resounding influence. DoB Arminian too. own expense. Concerned public over breach of the liberties of
private wealth and property.
Parl. Privileges: C antagonised Lords by sending Earl of
Pricking of MPs: C/DoB removed opposition leaders from commons Arundel to Tower: Lords protested, C released. Sir John
to become Sheriffs, forcing them to remain in counties to collect Elliot/Dudley Digges introduced impeachment charges before Martial Law (1627): C declared martial law: Army control legal
taxes. Parl. feared C trying to manipulate them: C believed HoL, C sent to tower: commons refused to do business, C system, i.e. right to appeal legal decisions/legal proceedings
opposition was a minority of mis-guided radicals. C opposition was forced to backdown. Implied C didn't believe in parl. privileges. within the law. Reeked of absolutism: by-passing Parl.
greater than expected: by removing MPs he enacted a platform for laws/threatened Rule of Law.
radical opponents, inc. the likes of Sir Edward Coke + Thomas
Wentworth. Impeachment: 1629: Parl. begin to impeach DoB, offering 4
THIRD PARLIAMENT subsidies for C. C dissolved Parl. to protect DoB, losing TOPIC ANALYSISFP: La Rochelle (1627): DoB led soldiers to La Rochelle:
subsidies too. ladders brought were too short: another failure. 8,000 soldiers
Evaluation/Judgement served and 3,000 returned. Since 1624: 50,000 men served
Petition of Right: Parl. grant 5 subsidies + T/P for life if recognise their Key issue: Why did C fall out with Parliament by 1629?
DoB and 1/3 died. Impact: Charles wasted resources, DoB lost
grievances. Grievances: Extra-Parl. taxes illegal, Imprisonment without
Not successful – series+ofMartial
avoidable more credibility, C forced to recall Parl.
cause illegal, Billeting Law failures undermine
illegal. NOT trust merely
RADICAL: and a 'fait
legitimacy
accompli' for bothsomething
(clarify C + Parl. Plagued with exists).
that already instability/uncertainty. Dispute Analysis Points to Include
Charles fundamentally believed his authority should be obeyed without 1. Pricking of MPs
question – he believed that he was God’s representative on Earth, and he was 2. Parliamentary Privileges
