2.2: Nazi Maintenance of Power: Jan 1933 - Aug 1939 CENSORSHIP + PROPAGANDA
Method Effectiveness Ineffectiveness
GOVERNMENT + ADMINISTRATION Reich Radio Company: Interrupted domestic atmosphere: those Constant repetition of propaganda
broadcasting under Nazi control. who couldn't afford radio still themes, leaving some with
1932: less than 25% had radio. indoctrinated in public areas. Able to boredom. Some risked listening to
Hitler + His Impacts
1939: 70% - became a medium of reach rural areas of Germany: radio uncensored news for a diverse
mass communication controlled usage rising from 25% to 70% of perspective. Alternative sources
Role: Theory: one-party state, undisputed leader, commander-in-chief of completely by Nazis. Installed households. Propaganda tiresome so exposed the lies and diminished
army, the Fuhrer. Reality: no new constitution - laws emerged over time, RADIO loudspeakers in restaurants, cafes, used music with political messaging the effectiveness of propaganda.
messy, forced to trust loyal subordinates (impossible to have total control factories + offices - collective Silent opposers may chose not to
himself), mixed views on Govt. listening and broadcasting directed listen
at public areas. Creation of the
'Peoples' Receiver'
Personality: Great showman: oratory skills played on mass suggestion to
(Volksempfanger) radio
draw support. In Private: lazy, hated paperwork, slept late, avoided Berlin for
the Bavarian Alps. Not well educated. No working routine. Bought several newspapers: 1939 - 1936 Berlin Olympics 'gold mine' for 1933: 4700 daily newspapers,
2/3 under Nazi control. State- propaganda. Glorify the regime whilst most regional with no allegiance -
controlled DNB vetted news seeming successful. Anti-Semitic Goebbels hard to control: needed
Leadership: Chose not to co-ordinate Govt. – messy. Decision making material. The Editor's Law 1933: posters / newspapers removed or toned time and coercion. Buying paper
result of whim not strategic and logical - Led to rivalry between factions: Nazi newspapers publish Nazi views + down. 42m+ Reichsmarks spent on is optional - no guarantee. Fall in
Party VS State. told what to write. News agencies 130-hectre Olympic Stadium in a quality of journalism as 'bland and
THE PRESS placed under Nazi Control. complex/classical style - present a sterile' - 10% decline in circulation
positive image. Aryan Race emphasised by 1933
Polycratic Nature of the State
through Siegfried Efrig lighting Olympic
torch
Dualism: where two forces co-exist in Govt, leading to confusion. E.g. Judiciary, The Reich Chamber of Culture: Bolstered + elevated prejudices, i.e. Literature: failed to create
People's Court + SS. Economics Ministry VS Goring's Office of the Four-Year Plan. supervised by Propaganda Ministry. anti-Semitism, militarism, Aryanism, identifiable works. 2,500+ writers
Seven Sub Chambers: fine arts, Fuhrer's absolutism. Messages fled country, including Erich Maria
music, theatre, press, radio, conveyed easily + glorified Remarque (Pacifist who wrote All
Views: Bad: unorganised, messy, incoherent. Good: Ensured H control by forcing each
literature, films. Cultural aspects prejudices/displaying weaknesses in Quiet on the Western Front) +
minister to go to him to make the final decision.
forced to adhere to Nazi ideology - opposition via cinematic reputation. Bertolt Brecht (Communist
held accountable for creativity - art Visual arts glorified Nazi playwright). Movement of writers
Role of the Cabinet: Decreased: Creation of the Reich Chancellery, headed by Hans must promote traditional G values. regime/traditional styles: i.e. Sculptor showed unwillingness to adapt -
Heinrich Lammers. 1933: Cab met 72 times. 1936: met 4 times. Chancellery played a Common methods of control: raids Arno Breker, Architect Albert Speer + those who did viewed as
pivotal role by creating legislation + controlled flow of info CULTURE on libraries, burning books, licenced Artists Adolf Ziegler + Hermann Hoyer. unremarkable. Some music
theatres, banned modern art, Music tied to national identity, amplifying spared due to less obvious
Weekly film industry reviews. emotional intensity at public displays of political messaging
Impacts on Regional Govts.: 1934: Gleichschaltung successful - Nazi Reich
power showing their ideology as
Governors introduced + responsible for executing the will of party.
natural/inevitable. Hitler Myth: Almighty
Hegemon over politics. Reinforced
Fuhrerprinzip: Hierarchical structure where seniors only answer to H. BUT: established family values
Made Governing difficult: only 1 man and often absent – unreliable. Heil Hitler Greeting. Dominance of Heil Hitler greeting/Nazi Salute signalled Tried to separate W/C from
REALITY: Gauleiter structure meant regional leaders had dominating role, militaristic uniforms strengthened an obedience to H/glorified Nazi regime - already established identity,
loyal to H only not their people. Effective Governance/management declined. individuals identity - enhanced by mandatory for civilians + military instead of trying to replace it:
establishment of public festivals to personnel. Uniforms + Flags outwardly showed W/C + elites unable to be
commemorate historic Nazi days. presented party as organised + united, combined due to sheer
Competition within the inner circle: Constant favouriting and in-fighting. Rudolf
Swastika on uniforms and flags - reinforcing the hierarchical structure. differences in lifestyle. People
Hess: Deputy Fuhrer. Made improvements in mid 1930s by developing Bureaucracy. SOCIAL omnipresent symbol in public + Unification between Govt. and ordinary forced to take part whether agree
Forced civil servants to be Nazi Members, reducing dualism within Govt. Martin RITUALS private places. Horst Wessel Nazi people: increased sense of community - or disagree - some dissuaded
Bormann: 2 new departments: Department for Internal Party Affairs (exerted discipline
Party anthem: based on an SA lacking during the W.R. from fully supporting. Horst
on party structure) + Department for the Affairs of the State (secured party supremacy)
members death being shot by 2 Wessel Anthem + Nazi Salute
communists. Goebbels made him a banned post-war
Evaluation/Judgement martyr.
MACHINERY OF TERROR OPPOSITION THE CHURCH: PROTESTANTS
Polycratic nature: too many people/groups. Nazis unable to become an all-pervasive Evaluation/Judgement
dominating Govt. Impression vs Reality: Perceived as ordered and well-managed, but
RSHA
really (Reich Security
complicated, Office):+Oversaw
disorganised shambolic allwith
police Remaining
a myriad of high-ranking Communists: 1933+ stationed underground.
leadership Nazi Policy: Aims: Eliminate opposition + Gleichshaltung (co-ordinate) with Nazi Regime. Agree
powers via
positions, the depts
Govt. Kripo, +Gestapo + SD,
agencies. led byUnqualified
Regular, Produced
Reinhard People: Herman Anti-Nazi pamphlets
Goring Used to glorify
+ 'The Red Flag' on: Family,
Hitler, demonize enemies, Threat of Communism,
and indoctrinate citizens throughConforming
controlledtomedia,
a set of ordeals
rallies, and education. Ensured only Nazi-
Heydrich,
(Leader Himmler's
of Airforce deputy. Kripo
appointed - Criminal
in charge police Albert Speer
of Economy), Newspaper. Gestapo infiltrated
(Architect appointed networks
approved + party
content banned:
was available - book burnings and strict media control silencing opposition. Discouraged resistance and maintained
responsible
Reich Ministerforofmaintenance
Armaments +ofWargeneral law + order.
Production) can't operate. 20,000 executed, 100,000 in
compliance. campsover information was powerful
Control but War:
unsustainable - truth and opposition cannot be suppressed indefinitely.
During Persecution after military victories: monasteries closed, property attacked +
Gestapo - detect political/social enemies of the state. SD - activities restricted. Power of SS, Borman + Heydrich grew: Church not fully supressed
intelligence + security
Method Effectiveness Ineffectiveness
GOVERNMENT + ADMINISTRATION Reich Radio Company: Interrupted domestic atmosphere: those Constant repetition of propaganda
broadcasting under Nazi control. who couldn't afford radio still themes, leaving some with
1932: less than 25% had radio. indoctrinated in public areas. Able to boredom. Some risked listening to
Hitler + His Impacts
1939: 70% - became a medium of reach rural areas of Germany: radio uncensored news for a diverse
mass communication controlled usage rising from 25% to 70% of perspective. Alternative sources
Role: Theory: one-party state, undisputed leader, commander-in-chief of completely by Nazis. Installed households. Propaganda tiresome so exposed the lies and diminished
army, the Fuhrer. Reality: no new constitution - laws emerged over time, RADIO loudspeakers in restaurants, cafes, used music with political messaging the effectiveness of propaganda.
messy, forced to trust loyal subordinates (impossible to have total control factories + offices - collective Silent opposers may chose not to
himself), mixed views on Govt. listening and broadcasting directed listen
at public areas. Creation of the
'Peoples' Receiver'
Personality: Great showman: oratory skills played on mass suggestion to
(Volksempfanger) radio
draw support. In Private: lazy, hated paperwork, slept late, avoided Berlin for
the Bavarian Alps. Not well educated. No working routine. Bought several newspapers: 1939 - 1936 Berlin Olympics 'gold mine' for 1933: 4700 daily newspapers,
2/3 under Nazi control. State- propaganda. Glorify the regime whilst most regional with no allegiance -
controlled DNB vetted news seeming successful. Anti-Semitic Goebbels hard to control: needed
Leadership: Chose not to co-ordinate Govt. – messy. Decision making material. The Editor's Law 1933: posters / newspapers removed or toned time and coercion. Buying paper
result of whim not strategic and logical - Led to rivalry between factions: Nazi newspapers publish Nazi views + down. 42m+ Reichsmarks spent on is optional - no guarantee. Fall in
Party VS State. told what to write. News agencies 130-hectre Olympic Stadium in a quality of journalism as 'bland and
THE PRESS placed under Nazi Control. complex/classical style - present a sterile' - 10% decline in circulation
positive image. Aryan Race emphasised by 1933
Polycratic Nature of the State
through Siegfried Efrig lighting Olympic
torch
Dualism: where two forces co-exist in Govt, leading to confusion. E.g. Judiciary, The Reich Chamber of Culture: Bolstered + elevated prejudices, i.e. Literature: failed to create
People's Court + SS. Economics Ministry VS Goring's Office of the Four-Year Plan. supervised by Propaganda Ministry. anti-Semitism, militarism, Aryanism, identifiable works. 2,500+ writers
Seven Sub Chambers: fine arts, Fuhrer's absolutism. Messages fled country, including Erich Maria
music, theatre, press, radio, conveyed easily + glorified Remarque (Pacifist who wrote All
Views: Bad: unorganised, messy, incoherent. Good: Ensured H control by forcing each
literature, films. Cultural aspects prejudices/displaying weaknesses in Quiet on the Western Front) +
minister to go to him to make the final decision.
forced to adhere to Nazi ideology - opposition via cinematic reputation. Bertolt Brecht (Communist
held accountable for creativity - art Visual arts glorified Nazi playwright). Movement of writers
Role of the Cabinet: Decreased: Creation of the Reich Chancellery, headed by Hans must promote traditional G values. regime/traditional styles: i.e. Sculptor showed unwillingness to adapt -
Heinrich Lammers. 1933: Cab met 72 times. 1936: met 4 times. Chancellery played a Common methods of control: raids Arno Breker, Architect Albert Speer + those who did viewed as
pivotal role by creating legislation + controlled flow of info CULTURE on libraries, burning books, licenced Artists Adolf Ziegler + Hermann Hoyer. unremarkable. Some music
theatres, banned modern art, Music tied to national identity, amplifying spared due to less obvious
Weekly film industry reviews. emotional intensity at public displays of political messaging
Impacts on Regional Govts.: 1934: Gleichschaltung successful - Nazi Reich
power showing their ideology as
Governors introduced + responsible for executing the will of party.
natural/inevitable. Hitler Myth: Almighty
Hegemon over politics. Reinforced
Fuhrerprinzip: Hierarchical structure where seniors only answer to H. BUT: established family values
Made Governing difficult: only 1 man and often absent – unreliable. Heil Hitler Greeting. Dominance of Heil Hitler greeting/Nazi Salute signalled Tried to separate W/C from
REALITY: Gauleiter structure meant regional leaders had dominating role, militaristic uniforms strengthened an obedience to H/glorified Nazi regime - already established identity,
loyal to H only not their people. Effective Governance/management declined. individuals identity - enhanced by mandatory for civilians + military instead of trying to replace it:
establishment of public festivals to personnel. Uniforms + Flags outwardly showed W/C + elites unable to be
commemorate historic Nazi days. presented party as organised + united, combined due to sheer
Competition within the inner circle: Constant favouriting and in-fighting. Rudolf
Swastika on uniforms and flags - reinforcing the hierarchical structure. differences in lifestyle. People
Hess: Deputy Fuhrer. Made improvements in mid 1930s by developing Bureaucracy. SOCIAL omnipresent symbol in public + Unification between Govt. and ordinary forced to take part whether agree
Forced civil servants to be Nazi Members, reducing dualism within Govt. Martin RITUALS private places. Horst Wessel Nazi people: increased sense of community - or disagree - some dissuaded
Bormann: 2 new departments: Department for Internal Party Affairs (exerted discipline
Party anthem: based on an SA lacking during the W.R. from fully supporting. Horst
on party structure) + Department for the Affairs of the State (secured party supremacy)
members death being shot by 2 Wessel Anthem + Nazi Salute
communists. Goebbels made him a banned post-war
Evaluation/Judgement martyr.
MACHINERY OF TERROR OPPOSITION THE CHURCH: PROTESTANTS
Polycratic nature: too many people/groups. Nazis unable to become an all-pervasive Evaluation/Judgement
dominating Govt. Impression vs Reality: Perceived as ordered and well-managed, but
RSHA
really (Reich Security
complicated, Office):+Oversaw
disorganised shambolic allwith
police Remaining
a myriad of high-ranking Communists: 1933+ stationed underground.
leadership Nazi Policy: Aims: Eliminate opposition + Gleichshaltung (co-ordinate) with Nazi Regime. Agree
powers via
positions, the depts
Govt. Kripo, +Gestapo + SD,
agencies. led byUnqualified
Regular, Produced
Reinhard People: Herman Anti-Nazi pamphlets
Goring Used to glorify
+ 'The Red Flag' on: Family,
Hitler, demonize enemies, Threat of Communism,
and indoctrinate citizens throughConforming
controlledtomedia,
a set of ordeals
rallies, and education. Ensured only Nazi-
Heydrich,
(Leader Himmler's
of Airforce deputy. Kripo
appointed - Criminal
in charge police Albert Speer
of Economy), Newspaper. Gestapo infiltrated
(Architect appointed networks
approved + party
content banned:
was available - book burnings and strict media control silencing opposition. Discouraged resistance and maintained
responsible
Reich Ministerforofmaintenance
Armaments +ofWargeneral law + order.
Production) can't operate. 20,000 executed, 100,000 in
compliance. campsover information was powerful
Control but War:
unsustainable - truth and opposition cannot be suppressed indefinitely.
During Persecution after military victories: monasteries closed, property attacked +
Gestapo - detect political/social enemies of the state. SD - activities restricted. Power of SS, Borman + Heydrich grew: Church not fully supressed
intelligence + security
