3.2: The Impact of Defeat: 1945 - 1949 THE CONFERENCES DECENTRALISATION
Tehran (Dec. 1943): Determined military strategy to end war + The West
negotiate borders of Poland.
BACKGROUND (USA): Support decentralisation, 3 Lander States - elections in 1946. (B):
Yalta (Feb. 1945): USSR eastern success = greater influence = Doubted G democratic ability, 3 Lander States - elections in 1947. (F):
Problems facing G: (1) Humiliation/Defeat. (2) Pop. displacement: 1/2 G keep some Polish territory. Agreed G division into 4 zones Tight centralised rule, 3 Lander States – elections in 1947
moving, 12m ethnic G displaced from E Europe, 10m leaving G. (3)
Economic ruin: 20% housing destroyed, 30% badly damaged. (4) Social Potsdam (Jul-Aug. 1945): Increased disagreements after G The East
Problems: 7m deaths, psychological damage, loss, damage to cultural surrender. States governed via 4D's
heritage, trauma in women (1/3 raped by Red Army). BUT: No social Distrusted federal states - sought central control. Created 5 Lander States
breakdown: Christianity/CS Continued. The 4 D’s: Demilitarisation, Decentralisation, De- BUT dissolved in 1952.
Nazification, Democratisation
Aims: Britain: To recoup financial losses + prevent spread of DEMOCRATISATION
communism. USA: Prevent spread of communism + establish Potsdam – In Detail – Agreements Made
international political bodies. USSR: Keep influence in E The West
Occupation zones: administered independently but remained 1
Europe, prevent spread of democracy + recoup financial losses.
economic unit. Allied Controlled Council (AAC) decide issues
France: Occupation since 1940 = limited influence Seek genuine democracy + allows emergence of political parties, i.e.
concerning whole state.
SPD/KPD/CDU/Liberal Parties. Elections held + steps to rebuild
IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES G/P Border: decision postponed but Stalin expels G from Eastern democracy achieved
territory
Governance The East
Reparations: taken from each zone for each state. USA/UK/F send
D: Free + Fair elections with a representative parl. June '45: SMAD issued Order N.2: allowed formation of political parties
1/4 of reps from their zones to USSR
(SPD/KPD/CDU). Walter Ulbricht + SED (merged KPD/SPD) gain 47.5% in
C: A one-party state with a ruling communist leader + party members '46 election - no majority. SED regularly purged + forced to conform to
Armed forces: all military disbanded
soviet policies: increased state control and economic intervention. Jan '49:
Society / Individual Rights Democracy abandoned: SED new party-structure in line with Soviet model.
Leads to Power Politics - conflicts over ideology, security, and
economic means New communist organisations for youth, women + unions.
D: Open + liberal, with freedom of speech + expression
C: Controlled + regulated, social activities forced to adhere to comm. Evaluation/Judgement DEMILITARISATION
The Economy Established the future of Germany. Significant turning point. The West + East
D: Free trade + capitalism, with an accumulation of wealth by businesses, ECONOMIC DIVISIONS + BIZONIA G Army surrendered + occupying powers stationed armies in each zone.
individuals and the state No G Govt - ruled by the allies/occupying powers.
Western Impacts: Rebuild G to become a trading partner - (F)
C: A controlled/centralised economy, with the accumulated wealth owned cautious. 1/4 housing destroyed via bombing. The Hunger Winter
+ distributed by the state '46/47: G 700/3000 calories per day. Allies deliver food parcels. Coal DE-NAZIFICATION
production collapsed '45 BUT x3 increase early '46
Government’s Sphere of influence The West
Eastern Impacts: Capitalism abolished + assets taken from zone.
D: State/local govt. ran through democratic processes, with central control 213 factories/firms now state controlled - 1400 dismantled + taken to
but local powers USSR - industrial production declined 26%. Nationalisation of private The Nuremburg Trials (Nov. ’45-Oct. ’46): 4 Judges (1 from each
firms - 1948: 39% private. 1945-47: Land redistribution/reform – country) to prosecute Nazi Leaders - Only area of collaboration. 22 orgs +
C: Total state control with communist adherence collectivisation. 6 individuals on trial. 12 sentenced to death, 10 executed, 3 life sentences
+ 3 acquitted. Created ICC
Political / Civil Liberties Creation of Bizonia
D: Freedom of speech/expression/to protest/support political parties 5000 on trial + 700 death penalties, BUT 6.5m Nazis = uncontrollable.
BIZONIA merged US/B zones + German Economic Council created - Questionnaire with 5 categories, top 3 = brought to court. Impractical to
USSR refuse to join. A consequence of economic situation + broke remove all Nazis, i.e. those in CS. Variation: (A) Zealous, (B) Pragmatic,
C: Controlled civil freedoms with no right to challenge 1-party state
Potsdam agreement. B struggle to pay reps to USSR + USSR failed (F) focus on security
EUROPEAN INTERESTS to send agricultural goods.
THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE + MARSHALL PLAN THE BERLIN BLOCKADE + AIRLIFT GERMAN DIVISIONS
USSR: Keep a weakened G due to fear + to establish a series of buffer Evaluation/Judgement The East
states
Truman sympathetic to communism.
Doctrine (Mar '47): US to defend all free nations The Berlin Blockade (June ’48) In the West: FRG formed May 1949, with a new capital in Bonn.
Bizonia, undoubtedly, provoked the USSR. Yet, its formation can be Say Capitalism = Nazism
against communism Established via The London- focus on Conference
6 Power creating newineconomic/social
June 1648, establishing
USA/West: Fearful of a communist 'world revolution' + moved from an seen as a mere response to economic divisions rather than an aconditions. 450,000
new constitution. Nazis
New in C.S.held
elections dismissed. Attempt
in August to remove
+ Lander states join the
attitude of caution to promotion of G recovery/trading possibility USSR block
attempt road/rail/canal access
of provocation/response. An to West Berlin
important, but -not
cutvital,
power/food
factor. RW/Fascism
Federal State completely through economic policy
Marshall Plan (Jun '47): $13B American Aid Programme - supplies
money offered to every European State Aimed to pressure West to abandon currency/West Berlin
Tehran (Dec. 1943): Determined military strategy to end war + The West
negotiate borders of Poland.
BACKGROUND (USA): Support decentralisation, 3 Lander States - elections in 1946. (B):
Yalta (Feb. 1945): USSR eastern success = greater influence = Doubted G democratic ability, 3 Lander States - elections in 1947. (F):
Problems facing G: (1) Humiliation/Defeat. (2) Pop. displacement: 1/2 G keep some Polish territory. Agreed G division into 4 zones Tight centralised rule, 3 Lander States – elections in 1947
moving, 12m ethnic G displaced from E Europe, 10m leaving G. (3)
Economic ruin: 20% housing destroyed, 30% badly damaged. (4) Social Potsdam (Jul-Aug. 1945): Increased disagreements after G The East
Problems: 7m deaths, psychological damage, loss, damage to cultural surrender. States governed via 4D's
heritage, trauma in women (1/3 raped by Red Army). BUT: No social Distrusted federal states - sought central control. Created 5 Lander States
breakdown: Christianity/CS Continued. The 4 D’s: Demilitarisation, Decentralisation, De- BUT dissolved in 1952.
Nazification, Democratisation
Aims: Britain: To recoup financial losses + prevent spread of DEMOCRATISATION
communism. USA: Prevent spread of communism + establish Potsdam – In Detail – Agreements Made
international political bodies. USSR: Keep influence in E The West
Occupation zones: administered independently but remained 1
Europe, prevent spread of democracy + recoup financial losses.
economic unit. Allied Controlled Council (AAC) decide issues
France: Occupation since 1940 = limited influence Seek genuine democracy + allows emergence of political parties, i.e.
concerning whole state.
SPD/KPD/CDU/Liberal Parties. Elections held + steps to rebuild
IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES G/P Border: decision postponed but Stalin expels G from Eastern democracy achieved
territory
Governance The East
Reparations: taken from each zone for each state. USA/UK/F send
D: Free + Fair elections with a representative parl. June '45: SMAD issued Order N.2: allowed formation of political parties
1/4 of reps from their zones to USSR
(SPD/KPD/CDU). Walter Ulbricht + SED (merged KPD/SPD) gain 47.5% in
C: A one-party state with a ruling communist leader + party members '46 election - no majority. SED regularly purged + forced to conform to
Armed forces: all military disbanded
soviet policies: increased state control and economic intervention. Jan '49:
Society / Individual Rights Democracy abandoned: SED new party-structure in line with Soviet model.
Leads to Power Politics - conflicts over ideology, security, and
economic means New communist organisations for youth, women + unions.
D: Open + liberal, with freedom of speech + expression
C: Controlled + regulated, social activities forced to adhere to comm. Evaluation/Judgement DEMILITARISATION
The Economy Established the future of Germany. Significant turning point. The West + East
D: Free trade + capitalism, with an accumulation of wealth by businesses, ECONOMIC DIVISIONS + BIZONIA G Army surrendered + occupying powers stationed armies in each zone.
individuals and the state No G Govt - ruled by the allies/occupying powers.
Western Impacts: Rebuild G to become a trading partner - (F)
C: A controlled/centralised economy, with the accumulated wealth owned cautious. 1/4 housing destroyed via bombing. The Hunger Winter
+ distributed by the state '46/47: G 700/3000 calories per day. Allies deliver food parcels. Coal DE-NAZIFICATION
production collapsed '45 BUT x3 increase early '46
Government’s Sphere of influence The West
Eastern Impacts: Capitalism abolished + assets taken from zone.
D: State/local govt. ran through democratic processes, with central control 213 factories/firms now state controlled - 1400 dismantled + taken to
but local powers USSR - industrial production declined 26%. Nationalisation of private The Nuremburg Trials (Nov. ’45-Oct. ’46): 4 Judges (1 from each
firms - 1948: 39% private. 1945-47: Land redistribution/reform – country) to prosecute Nazi Leaders - Only area of collaboration. 22 orgs +
C: Total state control with communist adherence collectivisation. 6 individuals on trial. 12 sentenced to death, 10 executed, 3 life sentences
+ 3 acquitted. Created ICC
Political / Civil Liberties Creation of Bizonia
D: Freedom of speech/expression/to protest/support political parties 5000 on trial + 700 death penalties, BUT 6.5m Nazis = uncontrollable.
BIZONIA merged US/B zones + German Economic Council created - Questionnaire with 5 categories, top 3 = brought to court. Impractical to
USSR refuse to join. A consequence of economic situation + broke remove all Nazis, i.e. those in CS. Variation: (A) Zealous, (B) Pragmatic,
C: Controlled civil freedoms with no right to challenge 1-party state
Potsdam agreement. B struggle to pay reps to USSR + USSR failed (F) focus on security
EUROPEAN INTERESTS to send agricultural goods.
THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE + MARSHALL PLAN THE BERLIN BLOCKADE + AIRLIFT GERMAN DIVISIONS
USSR: Keep a weakened G due to fear + to establish a series of buffer Evaluation/Judgement The East
states
Truman sympathetic to communism.
Doctrine (Mar '47): US to defend all free nations The Berlin Blockade (June ’48) In the West: FRG formed May 1949, with a new capital in Bonn.
Bizonia, undoubtedly, provoked the USSR. Yet, its formation can be Say Capitalism = Nazism
against communism Established via The London- focus on Conference
6 Power creating newineconomic/social
June 1648, establishing
USA/West: Fearful of a communist 'world revolution' + moved from an seen as a mere response to economic divisions rather than an aconditions. 450,000
new constitution. Nazis
New in C.S.held
elections dismissed. Attempt
in August to remove
+ Lander states join the
attitude of caution to promotion of G recovery/trading possibility USSR block
attempt road/rail/canal access
of provocation/response. An to West Berlin
important, but -not
cutvital,
power/food
factor. RW/Fascism
Federal State completely through economic policy
Marshall Plan (Jun '47): $13B American Aid Programme - supplies
money offered to every European State Aimed to pressure West to abandon currency/West Berlin
