NRSG 357 - EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS L LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
Venous thrombosis - ANS formation of blood clots within a vein, superficial vein thrombosis
and deep vein thrombosis
VTE - ANS venous thromboembolism, very large clot development within a vein, deep vein
thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
virchow's triad - ANS causes for VTEs
1) venous stasis (dysfunctional valve, immobility, varicose veins, low heart rate)
2) endothelial injury (direct or indirect trauma to vessel, atherosclerosis, venepuncture,
indwelling catheter)
3) hypercoagulable state (surgery, anemia, estrogen therapy, dehydration, pregnancy,
malignancy, inflammation)
DVT s/sx - ANS pain in calves, groin, edema, tenderness, increased temperature, paresthesia
PE - ANS pulmonary embolism, blockage of one or more pulmonary arteries by thrombus
PE s/sx - ANS dyspnea, low O2 sats, cough, chest pain, tachycardia, crackles, high anxiety
PE causes - ANS DVT (occurs somewhere else and travels to lung), A-fib, central lines
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, DVT/PE labs - ANS CT angiopathy, duplex ultrasound: most common, gold standards
D-dimer: looks for blood fragments, is not diagnostic
INR: 0.8-1.1 is normal, measures clotting ability
aPTT: 27-47 seconds is normal, activated partial thromboplastin time, measures time for blood
to clot
DVT/PE prevention - ANS compression stockings, early moving and ambulation, performing
ROM in bed, anticoagulants and fibrinolytic therapy
anticoagulants - ANS disrupt coagulation cascade, treats venous thrombosis, primary
treatment, increases risk for bleeding
warfarin - ANS anticoagulant, PO, vitamin K antagonist, need to monitor INR and PT (11-12.5
sec. is normal), keep vitamin K intake low and consistent, helps with A fib
heparin - ANS anticoagulant, IV or SubQ, indirect thrombin inhibitor, prescribed in units,
monitor PTT or aPTT, protamine sulfate antidote, heparin induced thromboytopenia is most
common side effect
antiplatelets - ANS helps prevent and treat arterial thrombus
aspirin - ANS most common antiplatelet, 81 mg for maintenance, 325 mg for initial event
fibrinolytics - ANS breaks up clots already formed, used with PEs, alteplase, reteplase,
tenecteplase
dyslipidemia - ANS abnormal amounts of lipids in the blood, increases risk of atherosclerosis,
MIs, stroke, hyperlipidemia is most common
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
100% CORRECT ANSWERS L LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
Venous thrombosis - ANS formation of blood clots within a vein, superficial vein thrombosis
and deep vein thrombosis
VTE - ANS venous thromboembolism, very large clot development within a vein, deep vein
thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
virchow's triad - ANS causes for VTEs
1) venous stasis (dysfunctional valve, immobility, varicose veins, low heart rate)
2) endothelial injury (direct or indirect trauma to vessel, atherosclerosis, venepuncture,
indwelling catheter)
3) hypercoagulable state (surgery, anemia, estrogen therapy, dehydration, pregnancy,
malignancy, inflammation)
DVT s/sx - ANS pain in calves, groin, edema, tenderness, increased temperature, paresthesia
PE - ANS pulmonary embolism, blockage of one or more pulmonary arteries by thrombus
PE s/sx - ANS dyspnea, low O2 sats, cough, chest pain, tachycardia, crackles, high anxiety
PE causes - ANS DVT (occurs somewhere else and travels to lung), A-fib, central lines
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, DVT/PE labs - ANS CT angiopathy, duplex ultrasound: most common, gold standards
D-dimer: looks for blood fragments, is not diagnostic
INR: 0.8-1.1 is normal, measures clotting ability
aPTT: 27-47 seconds is normal, activated partial thromboplastin time, measures time for blood
to clot
DVT/PE prevention - ANS compression stockings, early moving and ambulation, performing
ROM in bed, anticoagulants and fibrinolytic therapy
anticoagulants - ANS disrupt coagulation cascade, treats venous thrombosis, primary
treatment, increases risk for bleeding
warfarin - ANS anticoagulant, PO, vitamin K antagonist, need to monitor INR and PT (11-12.5
sec. is normal), keep vitamin K intake low and consistent, helps with A fib
heparin - ANS anticoagulant, IV or SubQ, indirect thrombin inhibitor, prescribed in units,
monitor PTT or aPTT, protamine sulfate antidote, heparin induced thromboytopenia is most
common side effect
antiplatelets - ANS helps prevent and treat arterial thrombus
aspirin - ANS most common antiplatelet, 81 mg for maintenance, 325 mg for initial event
fibrinolytics - ANS breaks up clots already formed, used with PEs, alteplase, reteplase,
tenecteplase
dyslipidemia - ANS abnormal amounts of lipids in the blood, increases risk of atherosclerosis,
MIs, stroke, hyperlipidemia is most common
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
