NRSG 357: BONE HEALTH EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS L LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
What are the normal functions of bone? - ANS -Support, protection of internal organs,
voluntary movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
-point of attachment for muscles and ligaments
-lever for muscles
-production of RBC, WBC
-storage of inorganic minerals
What changes to bone are related to aging? - ANS -decreased bone density and strength
-slowed remodeling process
What are normal functions of joints (articulation)? - ANS -Place where two bones are in
proximity and move in relation to each other.
-Diarthrodial (synovial) type: freely moveable
What changes to joint (articulation) are related to aging? - ANS -increased risk for cartilage
erosion that leads to direct contact between bone ends and overgrowth of bone around joint
margins
-loss of water from discs between vertebrae, decreased height of intervertebral spaces.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What are the three types of cartilage? - ANS -hyaline
-elastic
-fibrous
Describe hyaline cartilage - ANS -most common
-contains moderate amount of collagen fibers
-Found in trachea, bronchi, nose, epiphyseal plate, articular surfaces of bones
Describe elastic cartilage - ANS -contains both collagen and elastic fibers
-more flexible than hyaline
-found in ear, epiglottis, and larynx
Describe fibrous cartilage - ANS -mostly collagen fibers and is tough tissue that often function
as shock absorber
-found between vertebral discs and forms protective cushion between bones of pelvic girdle
knee, and shoulder
What are the three types of muscles? - ANS -cardiac
-smooth
-skeletal
Describe cardiac muscles - ANS -striated, involuntary
-found in heart only
Describe smooth muscles - ANS -nonstriated, involuntary
-found in walls of hallow structures such as airways, arteries, GI tract, urinary bladder, uterus
Describe skeletal muscles - ANS -striated, voluntary
-found half human's body weight
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, What changes to muscles are related to aging? - ANS -decreased number and diameter of
muscle cells. Replacement of muscle cells by fibrous connective tissue
-loss of elasticity and deterioration of cartilage
-reduced ability to store glycogen. Decreased ability to release glycogen as quick energy during
stress.
-decreased basal metabolic rate
What does the cellular structure of bone consist of? - ANS -inorganic material
(hydroxyapatite)
-organic material (osteoid)
What is inorganic material (hydroxyapatite)? - ANS -an inorganic constituent of bone matrix
and teeth, imparting rigidity to these structures
-calcium phosphate crystals
-mineral portion of bone giving it rigid strength and density
What is organic material (osteoid)? - ANS -protein + type 1 collagen
-tensile strength
What is an osteoprogenitor? - ANS -precursor to osteoblasts
-growth factors
What is an osteoblast? - ANS -synthesize organic bone matrix (collagen) and proteins
-are the basic bone-forming cells
-build bone
What is an osteocyte? - ANS -are mature bone cells
-have arms that connect with other osteocytes
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS L LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
What are the normal functions of bone? - ANS -Support, protection of internal organs,
voluntary movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
-point of attachment for muscles and ligaments
-lever for muscles
-production of RBC, WBC
-storage of inorganic minerals
What changes to bone are related to aging? - ANS -decreased bone density and strength
-slowed remodeling process
What are normal functions of joints (articulation)? - ANS -Place where two bones are in
proximity and move in relation to each other.
-Diarthrodial (synovial) type: freely moveable
What changes to joint (articulation) are related to aging? - ANS -increased risk for cartilage
erosion that leads to direct contact between bone ends and overgrowth of bone around joint
margins
-loss of water from discs between vertebrae, decreased height of intervertebral spaces.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What are the three types of cartilage? - ANS -hyaline
-elastic
-fibrous
Describe hyaline cartilage - ANS -most common
-contains moderate amount of collagen fibers
-Found in trachea, bronchi, nose, epiphyseal plate, articular surfaces of bones
Describe elastic cartilage - ANS -contains both collagen and elastic fibers
-more flexible than hyaline
-found in ear, epiglottis, and larynx
Describe fibrous cartilage - ANS -mostly collagen fibers and is tough tissue that often function
as shock absorber
-found between vertebral discs and forms protective cushion between bones of pelvic girdle
knee, and shoulder
What are the three types of muscles? - ANS -cardiac
-smooth
-skeletal
Describe cardiac muscles - ANS -striated, involuntary
-found in heart only
Describe smooth muscles - ANS -nonstriated, involuntary
-found in walls of hallow structures such as airways, arteries, GI tract, urinary bladder, uterus
Describe skeletal muscles - ANS -striated, voluntary
-found half human's body weight
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, What changes to muscles are related to aging? - ANS -decreased number and diameter of
muscle cells. Replacement of muscle cells by fibrous connective tissue
-loss of elasticity and deterioration of cartilage
-reduced ability to store glycogen. Decreased ability to release glycogen as quick energy during
stress.
-decreased basal metabolic rate
What does the cellular structure of bone consist of? - ANS -inorganic material
(hydroxyapatite)
-organic material (osteoid)
What is inorganic material (hydroxyapatite)? - ANS -an inorganic constituent of bone matrix
and teeth, imparting rigidity to these structures
-calcium phosphate crystals
-mineral portion of bone giving it rigid strength and density
What is organic material (osteoid)? - ANS -protein + type 1 collagen
-tensile strength
What is an osteoprogenitor? - ANS -precursor to osteoblasts
-growth factors
What is an osteoblast? - ANS -synthesize organic bone matrix (collagen) and proteins
-are the basic bone-forming cells
-build bone
What is an osteocyte? - ANS -are mature bone cells
-have arms that connect with other osteocytes
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
