PHM 431 - EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
What are some effects of amphetamines? - ANS Psychostimulation, euphoria, increased
attention, appetite suppression, increased sexual activity, and increased endurance.
What is the main enzyme responsible for amphetamine metabolism? - ANS CYP 2D6 converts
methamphetamine into amphetamine
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of amphetamines? - ANS Amphetamines are
transported by dopamine transporters (DAT) and vesicle monoamine transporters (VMAT),
inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO), and lead to increased dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft.
How do amphetamines affect neurotransmitter signaling? - ANS They block monoamine
transporters, causing neurotransmitters to build up in the synaptic cleft, resulting in prolonged
signaling.
What are the potential toxic effects of amphetamines? (toxicity) - ANS Hypertensive crisis,
adverse cardiac events, and neurotoxicity leading to damage to neurons.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What is the relationship between dopamine and amphetamine toxicity? - ANS Dopamine can
convert to quinones, and methamphetamine can decrease brain activity and be destructive to
neurons.
What are some amphetamine-like molecules? - ANS MDMA (ecstasy), methamphetamine,
and mescaline.
What is the difference between amphetamines and methylphenidate (Ritalin)? - ANS Ritalin
blocks dopamine transporter receptors, while amphetamines can enter dopamine transporters.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) mechanism of action (MOA) - ANS methylphenidate only INHIBITS
dopamine transporters, norepinephrine transporters, and serotonin transporters
What is the significance of raclopride in amphetamine treatment? - ANS Amphetamine
treatment decreases raclopride binding in the nucleus accumbens, correlating with drug
wanting and personality traits.
What is the mechanism by which MDMA affects serotonin transport? - ANS MDMA acts as a
competitive substrate for serotonin, entering the serotonin transporter (SERT). The serotonin (5-
HT) vesicles are inhibited, not allowing serotonin storage so serotonin builds up in cytosol.
MDMA reverses the gradient of the SERTransporter to efflux (export) serotonin into synaptic
cleft.
What are the effects of MDMA? - ANS Euphoria, heightened senses, increased heart rate,
reduced appetite, dehydration, hyperthermia, and muscle aches.
What are the common symptoms of MDMA neurotoxicity? - ANS Acute hyperthermia (fever),
dehydration, damage to mitochondria and makes oxygen radicals that build toxicity.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, MDMA neurotoxicity by MOA - ANS When MDMA travels influx through SERT, it acts on
mitochondria to produce more oxygen radicals, which are toxic
What does the acronym ADNS represent in memorization techniques? - ANS All dogs need
sleep.
What are the following monoamine transporter affinity from best to worst: ADNS -
ANS amphetamine : DAT : NET : SERT (best : mediocre : worst)
What does the acronym CDSN represent in memorization techniques? - ANS Cats don't
scratch nicely.
What are the following monoamine transporter affinity from best to worst: CDSN -
ANS cocaine : DAT : SERT : NET (best : mediocre : worst)
What does the acronym FPSND represent in memorization techniques? - ANS Frames per
second never doubt.
What are the following monoamine transporter affinity from best to worst: FPSND -
ANS Fluoxetine (prozac) : SERT : NET : DAT (best : mediocre : worst)
CART means _______ - ANS Cocaine and amphetamine related transcript
What is the role of CART peptides in relation to amphetamines? - ANS CART peptides
contribute to satiety and inhibit (suppress appetite) feeding behavior induced by neuropeptide
Y (NPY).
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
100% CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
What are some effects of amphetamines? - ANS Psychostimulation, euphoria, increased
attention, appetite suppression, increased sexual activity, and increased endurance.
What is the main enzyme responsible for amphetamine metabolism? - ANS CYP 2D6 converts
methamphetamine into amphetamine
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of amphetamines? - ANS Amphetamines are
transported by dopamine transporters (DAT) and vesicle monoamine transporters (VMAT),
inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO), and lead to increased dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft.
How do amphetamines affect neurotransmitter signaling? - ANS They block monoamine
transporters, causing neurotransmitters to build up in the synaptic cleft, resulting in prolonged
signaling.
What are the potential toxic effects of amphetamines? (toxicity) - ANS Hypertensive crisis,
adverse cardiac events, and neurotoxicity leading to damage to neurons.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What is the relationship between dopamine and amphetamine toxicity? - ANS Dopamine can
convert to quinones, and methamphetamine can decrease brain activity and be destructive to
neurons.
What are some amphetamine-like molecules? - ANS MDMA (ecstasy), methamphetamine,
and mescaline.
What is the difference between amphetamines and methylphenidate (Ritalin)? - ANS Ritalin
blocks dopamine transporter receptors, while amphetamines can enter dopamine transporters.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) mechanism of action (MOA) - ANS methylphenidate only INHIBITS
dopamine transporters, norepinephrine transporters, and serotonin transporters
What is the significance of raclopride in amphetamine treatment? - ANS Amphetamine
treatment decreases raclopride binding in the nucleus accumbens, correlating with drug
wanting and personality traits.
What is the mechanism by which MDMA affects serotonin transport? - ANS MDMA acts as a
competitive substrate for serotonin, entering the serotonin transporter (SERT). The serotonin (5-
HT) vesicles are inhibited, not allowing serotonin storage so serotonin builds up in cytosol.
MDMA reverses the gradient of the SERTransporter to efflux (export) serotonin into synaptic
cleft.
What are the effects of MDMA? - ANS Euphoria, heightened senses, increased heart rate,
reduced appetite, dehydration, hyperthermia, and muscle aches.
What are the common symptoms of MDMA neurotoxicity? - ANS Acute hyperthermia (fever),
dehydration, damage to mitochondria and makes oxygen radicals that build toxicity.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, MDMA neurotoxicity by MOA - ANS When MDMA travels influx through SERT, it acts on
mitochondria to produce more oxygen radicals, which are toxic
What does the acronym ADNS represent in memorization techniques? - ANS All dogs need
sleep.
What are the following monoamine transporter affinity from best to worst: ADNS -
ANS amphetamine : DAT : NET : SERT (best : mediocre : worst)
What does the acronym CDSN represent in memorization techniques? - ANS Cats don't
scratch nicely.
What are the following monoamine transporter affinity from best to worst: CDSN -
ANS cocaine : DAT : SERT : NET (best : mediocre : worst)
What does the acronym FPSND represent in memorization techniques? - ANS Frames per
second never doubt.
What are the following monoamine transporter affinity from best to worst: FPSND -
ANS Fluoxetine (prozac) : SERT : NET : DAT (best : mediocre : worst)
CART means _______ - ANS Cocaine and amphetamine related transcript
What is the role of CART peptides in relation to amphetamines? - ANS CART peptides
contribute to satiety and inhibit (suppress appetite) feeding behavior induced by neuropeptide
Y (NPY).
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
