PHM350 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.

PHM350 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.




A1c target for adults with T2D to reduce the risk of CKD and retinopathy if at low risk of
hypoglycemia - ANS ≤6.5%



A1c target for most adults with T1D or T2D - ANS ≤7%



A1c target for functionally dependent - ANS 7.1-8%



A1c target for recurrent severe hypoglycemia and/or hypoglycemia unawareness - ANS 7.1-
8.5%



A1c target for limited life expectancy - ANS 7.1-8.5%



A1c target for frail elderly and/or with dementia - ANS 7.1-8.5%



preprandial target for A1c = ≤7% - ANS 4-7 mmol/L



postprandial target for A1c = ≤7% - ANS 5-10 mmol/L

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, what drug should be started if patient has symptomatic hyperglycemia and/or metabolic
decompensation? - ANS insulin



which drug is first-line in T2D patients? - ANS metformin



metformin MOA - ANS decrease insulin resistance/increase insulin sensitivity

decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis



metformin AEs - ANS GI (N, D, gas, abdo pain, metallic taste)



how can one improve GI tolerability of metformin? - ANS take with food

start low and go slow



metformin CI/precautions - ANS renal dysfunction (eGFR <30, caution <45)

hepatic dysfunction



which factors mean you should use an AHA with demonstrated cardiorenal benefits after
metformin? - ANS ASCVD

CKD

HF

>60 with 2 CV risk factors



which drug class should be used in T2D with ASCVD, CKD or HF? - ANS SGLT2i



which drug class should be used in T2D >60 with 2 CV risk factors? - ANS GLP-1 agonist

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