Probability and Statistics for
Engineering and Science
Q&A
Central Tendency - answer-Central tendency is defined as "the statistical measure that identifies
a single value as representative of an entire distribution."[2] It aims to provide an accurate
description of the entire data. It is the single value that is most typical/representative of the
collected data.
The four measures of central tendency are mean, median, mode and the midrange.
Normal Distribution (bell curve) - answer-In a normal distribution, data is symmetrically
distributed with no skew. When plotted on a graph, the data follows a bell shape, with most
values clustering around a central region and tapering off as they go further away from the
center.
inferential - answer-characterized by or involving conclusions reached on the basis of evidence
and reasoning
comparative experiment - answer-A type of experimental design that involves two or more
groups.
Extraneous Variation - answer-variance we cannot account for via a random sample
Extraneous variable (EV) - answer-Any variable, other than the independent variable (IV), that
may have an effect on the dependent variable (DV) if it is not controlled. EVs are essentially
nuisance variables that do not vary systematically with the IV.
Statistics definition - answer-It is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and
analyzing information to draw a conclusion and answer questions. Also, it is about providing
measure of confidence in any conclusions.
, Population Statistics - answer-The entire group from which all possible items could be selected
and measured.
Census - answer-A complete enumeration of a population.
When desired information is available for ALL objects in a population
Sample - answer-a subset of the population. It is selected in some prescribed manner
categorical data - answer-variables that have only certain discrete values
numerical data - answer-Data that consists of numbers
Variable - answer-Is any characteristic whose value may change from one object to another in
the population.
Univariate - answer-data that describes a single characteristic of the population
Bivariate - answer-a set of data that has two variables
Multivariate - answer-Observations are made on more than one variable
Investigation - answer-Typically focus on a well- defined collection of objects constituting a
population
Descriptive Statistics - answer-Methods of summarizing and describing important features of
data. Can be graphical or can be calculation of numerical summary measures such as means,
standard deviations, and correlation coefficients.
Engineering and Science
Q&A
Central Tendency - answer-Central tendency is defined as "the statistical measure that identifies
a single value as representative of an entire distribution."[2] It aims to provide an accurate
description of the entire data. It is the single value that is most typical/representative of the
collected data.
The four measures of central tendency are mean, median, mode and the midrange.
Normal Distribution (bell curve) - answer-In a normal distribution, data is symmetrically
distributed with no skew. When plotted on a graph, the data follows a bell shape, with most
values clustering around a central region and tapering off as they go further away from the
center.
inferential - answer-characterized by or involving conclusions reached on the basis of evidence
and reasoning
comparative experiment - answer-A type of experimental design that involves two or more
groups.
Extraneous Variation - answer-variance we cannot account for via a random sample
Extraneous variable (EV) - answer-Any variable, other than the independent variable (IV), that
may have an effect on the dependent variable (DV) if it is not controlled. EVs are essentially
nuisance variables that do not vary systematically with the IV.
Statistics definition - answer-It is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and
analyzing information to draw a conclusion and answer questions. Also, it is about providing
measure of confidence in any conclusions.
, Population Statistics - answer-The entire group from which all possible items could be selected
and measured.
Census - answer-A complete enumeration of a population.
When desired information is available for ALL objects in a population
Sample - answer-a subset of the population. It is selected in some prescribed manner
categorical data - answer-variables that have only certain discrete values
numerical data - answer-Data that consists of numbers
Variable - answer-Is any characteristic whose value may change from one object to another in
the population.
Univariate - answer-data that describes a single characteristic of the population
Bivariate - answer-a set of data that has two variables
Multivariate - answer-Observations are made on more than one variable
Investigation - answer-Typically focus on a well- defined collection of objects constituting a
population
Descriptive Statistics - answer-Methods of summarizing and describing important features of
data. Can be graphical or can be calculation of numerical summary measures such as means,
standard deviations, and correlation coefficients.
