ACUTE AND CHRONIC
RENAL FAILURE EXAM
(2025)
Q&A
Chronic renal failure - answer-chronic renal failure is a progressive, irreversible, deterioration in
the renal function in which the body's ability to maintain a metabolic, fluids and electrolyte
balance fails
patient maybe asymptomatic except during times of stress
As the failure progresses, clinical manifestations become apparent
What classifies end stage renal failure? - answer-90% of functioning nephrons have been
destroyed
What happens in the early stages of kidney failure? - answer-In the early stages, nephrons are
destroyed, the remaining functional nephrons enlarge or go through hypertrophy to compensate.
The Glomeral pressure and flow will increase in the nephrons so more solute particles are
filtered to compensate for loss of renal mass.
The increased demand pre disposes the remaining nephrons to glomerler scarring and to their
eventual destruction. Once destroyed, they can not be rehabilitate.
What are the 5 stages of chronic renal failure? - answer-stage 1- minimal kidney damage-
normal GFR
,stage 2- mild kidney damage-decreased GFR
Stage 3-moderate kidney damage-moderate GFR decrease
stage 4- severe kidney damage-severe GFR decrease
Stage 5-kidney failure and end stage renal disease with little or no glomerular filtration
Risk factors and causes of CRF? - answer-diabetes mellitus
chronic glomerulonephritis
nephrotoxic medications or chemicals
hypertension-especially if African American
auto immune disorders
polycystic kidney
pyelonephrosis
Renal artery stenosis
recurrent severe infections
NSAID use
older patients are at increased risk for renal failure due to decreased number of functioning
nephrons, decreased GFR, and water sodium conserving and compensating mechanisms
What are the two leading causes of CRF - answer-Diabetes and hypertension
Diabetes can lead to chronic neuropathy, changes in the glomeral basement membrane,
chronic plynephritis and ischemia.
Hypertension- loss of kidney tissue due to long standing hypertension.
Low blood flow to the kidneys results in? - answer-Disfunction in nephron
, Chronic Glomerulonephritis - answer-bilateral inflammatory leads to ischemia, nephron loss,
and shrinkage of the kidney
Chronic Pyelonephritis - answer-kidney infection- chronic infection that leads to renal scaring
and atrophy
polycystic kidney disease - answer-non curable disease, genetic based, creates multiple cysts
in both kidneys. The cysts flow to a size that causes destruction of the normal kidney tissue by
compression.
Systematic lupus erythematosus - answer-basement membrane is damaged by circulating
immune complexes and leas to local (specific) or focal (region) or diffused sclarial (whole region
of glomeruli) nephritis
Assessment of renal failure patient? subjective data - answer-fatigue
lethargy
restless leg syndrome
depression
intractable hiccups
Uremia
and what happens when urea is in the blood?
signs and symptoms? - answer-urea in the blood due to the kidney not filtering out the urea.
when urea is in the blood, fluid and electrolyte balance is altered. Regulatory and endocrine are
impaired and the accumulation of metabolic waste builds up.
Early manifestations of uremia:nausea, aptly, weakness, and fatigue
RENAL FAILURE EXAM
(2025)
Q&A
Chronic renal failure - answer-chronic renal failure is a progressive, irreversible, deterioration in
the renal function in which the body's ability to maintain a metabolic, fluids and electrolyte
balance fails
patient maybe asymptomatic except during times of stress
As the failure progresses, clinical manifestations become apparent
What classifies end stage renal failure? - answer-90% of functioning nephrons have been
destroyed
What happens in the early stages of kidney failure? - answer-In the early stages, nephrons are
destroyed, the remaining functional nephrons enlarge or go through hypertrophy to compensate.
The Glomeral pressure and flow will increase in the nephrons so more solute particles are
filtered to compensate for loss of renal mass.
The increased demand pre disposes the remaining nephrons to glomerler scarring and to their
eventual destruction. Once destroyed, they can not be rehabilitate.
What are the 5 stages of chronic renal failure? - answer-stage 1- minimal kidney damage-
normal GFR
,stage 2- mild kidney damage-decreased GFR
Stage 3-moderate kidney damage-moderate GFR decrease
stage 4- severe kidney damage-severe GFR decrease
Stage 5-kidney failure and end stage renal disease with little or no glomerular filtration
Risk factors and causes of CRF? - answer-diabetes mellitus
chronic glomerulonephritis
nephrotoxic medications or chemicals
hypertension-especially if African American
auto immune disorders
polycystic kidney
pyelonephrosis
Renal artery stenosis
recurrent severe infections
NSAID use
older patients are at increased risk for renal failure due to decreased number of functioning
nephrons, decreased GFR, and water sodium conserving and compensating mechanisms
What are the two leading causes of CRF - answer-Diabetes and hypertension
Diabetes can lead to chronic neuropathy, changes in the glomeral basement membrane,
chronic plynephritis and ischemia.
Hypertension- loss of kidney tissue due to long standing hypertension.
Low blood flow to the kidneys results in? - answer-Disfunction in nephron
, Chronic Glomerulonephritis - answer-bilateral inflammatory leads to ischemia, nephron loss,
and shrinkage of the kidney
Chronic Pyelonephritis - answer-kidney infection- chronic infection that leads to renal scaring
and atrophy
polycystic kidney disease - answer-non curable disease, genetic based, creates multiple cysts
in both kidneys. The cysts flow to a size that causes destruction of the normal kidney tissue by
compression.
Systematic lupus erythematosus - answer-basement membrane is damaged by circulating
immune complexes and leas to local (specific) or focal (region) or diffused sclarial (whole region
of glomeruli) nephritis
Assessment of renal failure patient? subjective data - answer-fatigue
lethargy
restless leg syndrome
depression
intractable hiccups
Uremia
and what happens when urea is in the blood?
signs and symptoms? - answer-urea in the blood due to the kidney not filtering out the urea.
when urea is in the blood, fluid and electrolyte balance is altered. Regulatory and endocrine are
impaired and the accumulation of metabolic waste builds up.
Early manifestations of uremia:nausea, aptly, weakness, and fatigue
