Exam BIOS 255 / BIOS255 (2025/ 2026
Update) Anatomy and Physiology III
Complete Guide | 100% Correct| Grade
Describe the functions of the following hormones:
Aldosterone
Erythropoietin
Antidiuretic hormone
Angiotensin II of
Epinephrine - answers Aldosterone - help kidneys to control the amount of salt in the
blood and tissues the body.
Erythropoietin - stimulate red blood cell production.
Antidiuretic - to conserve water by decreasing urine formation.
Epinephrine - is a very fast acting hormone that prepares our body for emergency action
—also called the fight or flight reflex
Identify the function of the following cells:
Neutrophil
platelet
lymphocyte
basophil
erythrocyte - answers neutrophil - destroy bacteria and fight infection
platelet - blood clotting and stopping bleeding when blood vessels are damaged, which
is also called hemostasis.
lymphocyte - destroying abnormal cells when they appear in peripheral tissues. They
recognize bacteria, viruses, cancer cells and foreign cells.
basophil - goes up when there is an allergic reaction/defends your body from allergens.
erythrocyte - deliver oxygen to all cells and tissues throughout the body
Blood Typing - Recommended Figure 18.14 in Saladdin textbook - answers ...
Describe the functions of ferritin, transferrin, hemoglobin and myoglobin - answers
ferritin - binds iron and prevents it from entering the bloodstream
transferrin - binds to free Iron and transports it in the blood to other cells
,hemoglobin - carry oxygen from the lungs via arteries to the body tissues and transport
of carbon dioxide back to the lungs through the veins.
myoglobin - It "stores" oxygen there for use at times of high metabolic demand.
Understand the phases of the cardiac cycle : Recommended figure 19.20 ( ECG) -
answers ...
List the different types of anemia and understand the cause of each type - answers Iron-
deficiency anemia: This type of anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the diet, poor
absorption of iron from the gut, or blood loss from menstruation or injury.
Vitamin-deficiency anemia: This type of anemia is caused by a deficiency of vitamins
B12 or folic acid, which are necessary for the production of red blood cells.
Hemolytic anemia: This type of anemia occurs when red blood cells are destroyed more
quickly than they can be produced, often due to a genetic condition or autoimmune
disorder.
Aplastic anemia: This type of anemia is characterized by a decrease in the number of
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets due to damage to the bone marrow.
Sickle cell anemia: This type of anemia is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to the
production of abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped
and break down easily.
Pernicious anemia: This type of anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12, which can
occur due to a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.
Refractory period in the action potential of cardiac muscle cells. - answers After an
action potential initiates, the cardiac cell is unable to initiate another action potential for
some duration of time. This period of time is referred to as the refractory period, which is
250ms in duration and helps to protect the heart.
Describe the functions of the following:
synovial fluid
pleural fluid
pericardial fluid - answers synovial fluid - reduce friction between the articular cartilages
of synovial joints during movement
pleural fluid - It prevents friction between the lungs and the chest cavity during
respiration.
pericardial fluid - It lubricates the heart, allowing the heart to beat in a relatively
frictionless environment
, Describe the functions of the following cranial nerves and identify which one will affect
the heart rate.
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
spinal accessory nerve (XI)
vagus nerve (X)
phrenic nerve - answers ...
Describe the functions of the blood vessels:
the pulmonary veins
the coronary arteries
the brachial arteries - answers the pulmonary veins - transfer freshly oxygenated blood
from the lungs to the left atria of the heart
the coronary arteries - supply blood to the heart.
the brachial arteries - to deliver blood to your upper extremities, including your: Biceps
brachii muscles.
Describe the lub- dub sounds - answers The first heart sound, "lub," is caused by the
closure of the right and left atrioventricular valves. The second heart sound, "dub," is
caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves.
Describe the structure of hemoglobin. - answers Hemoglobin is made up of a linear
sequence amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Hemoglobin comprises four
subunits, each having one polypeptide chain and one heme group.
Describe the function of the coronary sinus - answers The function of the coronary sinus
is to collect deoxygenated blood from the myocardium of the heart. It drains into the
right atrium.
Describe the functions of the following:
Hemoglobin
Carbonic anhydrase
Plasmin
Thrombin
Lactate dehydryogenase - answers Hemoglobin - carry oxygen from the lungs via
arteries to the body tissues and transport of carbon dioxide back to the lungs through
the veins.
Carbonic anhydrase - catalyzes a reaction that joins carbon dioxide and water to form
carbonic acid that generates bicarbonate ions and transfers CO2 into the blood plasma.
Plasmin - keeps unwanted fibrin formation in control.
Thrombin - atalyses the reaction that converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin.
Update) Anatomy and Physiology III
Complete Guide | 100% Correct| Grade
Describe the functions of the following hormones:
Aldosterone
Erythropoietin
Antidiuretic hormone
Angiotensin II of
Epinephrine - answers Aldosterone - help kidneys to control the amount of salt in the
blood and tissues the body.
Erythropoietin - stimulate red blood cell production.
Antidiuretic - to conserve water by decreasing urine formation.
Epinephrine - is a very fast acting hormone that prepares our body for emergency action
—also called the fight or flight reflex
Identify the function of the following cells:
Neutrophil
platelet
lymphocyte
basophil
erythrocyte - answers neutrophil - destroy bacteria and fight infection
platelet - blood clotting and stopping bleeding when blood vessels are damaged, which
is also called hemostasis.
lymphocyte - destroying abnormal cells when they appear in peripheral tissues. They
recognize bacteria, viruses, cancer cells and foreign cells.
basophil - goes up when there is an allergic reaction/defends your body from allergens.
erythrocyte - deliver oxygen to all cells and tissues throughout the body
Blood Typing - Recommended Figure 18.14 in Saladdin textbook - answers ...
Describe the functions of ferritin, transferrin, hemoglobin and myoglobin - answers
ferritin - binds iron and prevents it from entering the bloodstream
transferrin - binds to free Iron and transports it in the blood to other cells
,hemoglobin - carry oxygen from the lungs via arteries to the body tissues and transport
of carbon dioxide back to the lungs through the veins.
myoglobin - It "stores" oxygen there for use at times of high metabolic demand.
Understand the phases of the cardiac cycle : Recommended figure 19.20 ( ECG) -
answers ...
List the different types of anemia and understand the cause of each type - answers Iron-
deficiency anemia: This type of anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the diet, poor
absorption of iron from the gut, or blood loss from menstruation or injury.
Vitamin-deficiency anemia: This type of anemia is caused by a deficiency of vitamins
B12 or folic acid, which are necessary for the production of red blood cells.
Hemolytic anemia: This type of anemia occurs when red blood cells are destroyed more
quickly than they can be produced, often due to a genetic condition or autoimmune
disorder.
Aplastic anemia: This type of anemia is characterized by a decrease in the number of
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets due to damage to the bone marrow.
Sickle cell anemia: This type of anemia is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to the
production of abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped
and break down easily.
Pernicious anemia: This type of anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12, which can
occur due to a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.
Refractory period in the action potential of cardiac muscle cells. - answers After an
action potential initiates, the cardiac cell is unable to initiate another action potential for
some duration of time. This period of time is referred to as the refractory period, which is
250ms in duration and helps to protect the heart.
Describe the functions of the following:
synovial fluid
pleural fluid
pericardial fluid - answers synovial fluid - reduce friction between the articular cartilages
of synovial joints during movement
pleural fluid - It prevents friction between the lungs and the chest cavity during
respiration.
pericardial fluid - It lubricates the heart, allowing the heart to beat in a relatively
frictionless environment
, Describe the functions of the following cranial nerves and identify which one will affect
the heart rate.
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
spinal accessory nerve (XI)
vagus nerve (X)
phrenic nerve - answers ...
Describe the functions of the blood vessels:
the pulmonary veins
the coronary arteries
the brachial arteries - answers the pulmonary veins - transfer freshly oxygenated blood
from the lungs to the left atria of the heart
the coronary arteries - supply blood to the heart.
the brachial arteries - to deliver blood to your upper extremities, including your: Biceps
brachii muscles.
Describe the lub- dub sounds - answers The first heart sound, "lub," is caused by the
closure of the right and left atrioventricular valves. The second heart sound, "dub," is
caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves.
Describe the structure of hemoglobin. - answers Hemoglobin is made up of a linear
sequence amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Hemoglobin comprises four
subunits, each having one polypeptide chain and one heme group.
Describe the function of the coronary sinus - answers The function of the coronary sinus
is to collect deoxygenated blood from the myocardium of the heart. It drains into the
right atrium.
Describe the functions of the following:
Hemoglobin
Carbonic anhydrase
Plasmin
Thrombin
Lactate dehydryogenase - answers Hemoglobin - carry oxygen from the lungs via
arteries to the body tissues and transport of carbon dioxide back to the lungs through
the veins.
Carbonic anhydrase - catalyzes a reaction that joins carbon dioxide and water to form
carbonic acid that generates bicarbonate ions and transfers CO2 into the blood plasma.
Plasmin - keeps unwanted fibrin formation in control.
Thrombin - atalyses the reaction that converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin.
