Test Bank for Criminology in,
Theories, Patterns and Typologies
trait theories - answers theories about the biological or physical causes of criminality
somatotypes - answers criminals have distinct physiques susceptible to delinquency
3 somatotypes - answers mesomoprhs, endomorphs, ectomorphs
mesomorphs - answers well-developed muscles, active, aggressive
endomorphs - answers heavy builds, lethargic, crimes of gluttony
ectomorphs - answers tall, thin, less social, more intelligent, economic crimes
sociobiology - answers a science of human behaviour seen as motivated by inborn
biological urges and drives
equipotentiality - answers everyone is equal at birth and thereafter influenced by
environment
instincts - answers routine actions and behaviour are known automatically without being
learned
nutritional deficiencies - answers vitamins deficiency can result in phys, mental, and
behavioural problems, including lower intelligence
diets high in sugar and carbs = - answers violence and aggression
hypoglycemia - answers a biochemical condition, a deficiency of sugar, that influences
antisocial behaviour
symptoms of hypoglycemia - answers irritability, anxiety, depression, crying spells,
fatigue, Insomnia, nervousness, mood swings, phobias, temper outbursts, headaches,
and confusion
androgens - answers male sex hormones
abnormal levels of androgens produce __________ - answers aggressive behaviour
PMS - answers causes hormonal changes in women that affect criminality
neuroallergies cause ______, ___________, and ___________ problems - answers
mental, emotional, behavioural
,neuroallergies are believed to produce what that causes brain swelling and sensitivity in
CNS? - answers enzymes
environmental contaminants - answers copper, cadmium, mercury, and inorganic gases
in ecosystem
high lead ingestion = - answers low IQ, aggressive behaviour, ADHD, ADD, bullying,
vandalism, truancy, and shoplifting
neurophysiology - answers the study of abnormalities acquired during fetal stage that
control behaviour
epigenetics - answers study of modification of gene expression over time, based on life
conditions
traumatic brain injuries can lead to loss of ____________________ and
_____________________________ - answers abstract reasoning + problem-solving
skills
Charles Whitman - answers killed his mother, wife, 15 other people, and injured 31
people. Had a malignant brain tumour and sought treatment for homicidal urges.
electroencephalograph - answers a device for recording electronic impulses known as
brain waves
violent criminals have higher levels of ___________ EEG recordings - answers
abnormal
fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms - answers learning difficulties, poor impulse control,
speech problems, inability to foresee consequences
minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) - answers cerebral abnormality that results in
maladaptive behaviour, antisocial acts, and depleted urge control
ADHD - answers developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, impulsivity, and
hyperactivity
persistent criminality is linked to dysfunction in _______ and ________ regions of brain,
which regulate and inhibit human behaviour - answers frontal + temporal
brain tumours are linked to
_________________________________________________ - answers personality
changes, hallucinations, psychotic episodes, depression, irritability, temper outbursts,
and even homicidal attacks
CNS diseases are associated with ___________ disturbances - answers emotional
, abnormal levels of neurotransmitters like
_________________________________________________________ are linked with
aggression - answers androgens, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, monoamine
oxidase, and GABA
low supply of monoamine oxidase = - answers punishment defiance, impulsivity,
hyperactivity, poor academic performance, sensation-seeking and risk-taking, and
recreational drug use
__________ have higher levels of monoamine oxidase - answers women
arousal theory - answers A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to
maintain an optimal level of arousal
personality traits associated with criminality that may be heritable include
_______________ and _______________ - answers aggression + psychopathology
twin studies - answers early studies showed that identical twins shared more criminal
patterns than fraternal twins
adoption studies - answers studies indicate relationship between bio parent behaviour
and behaviour of children
contagion - answers genetic effect may actually be effect of sibling influence
r/K theory - answers an evolutionary theory differentiating cooperative people from
deceptive ones
r-selection individuals - answers reproduce whenever they can and invest little in off-
spring
K-selection individuals - answers reproduce slowly and take care in raising offspring
opportunistic populations - answers populations in environments with limited resources;
needs competition to survive
equilibrium populations - answers populations in more stable environments; cooperation
can thrive
cheater theory - answers suggests that population of men have evolved with genes that
incline them towards extremely low parental involvement
children produced from cheater men have _________________ - answers low IQ,
aggressive personalities, and little chance of proper socialization due to absent fathers
Theories, Patterns and Typologies
trait theories - answers theories about the biological or physical causes of criminality
somatotypes - answers criminals have distinct physiques susceptible to delinquency
3 somatotypes - answers mesomoprhs, endomorphs, ectomorphs
mesomorphs - answers well-developed muscles, active, aggressive
endomorphs - answers heavy builds, lethargic, crimes of gluttony
ectomorphs - answers tall, thin, less social, more intelligent, economic crimes
sociobiology - answers a science of human behaviour seen as motivated by inborn
biological urges and drives
equipotentiality - answers everyone is equal at birth and thereafter influenced by
environment
instincts - answers routine actions and behaviour are known automatically without being
learned
nutritional deficiencies - answers vitamins deficiency can result in phys, mental, and
behavioural problems, including lower intelligence
diets high in sugar and carbs = - answers violence and aggression
hypoglycemia - answers a biochemical condition, a deficiency of sugar, that influences
antisocial behaviour
symptoms of hypoglycemia - answers irritability, anxiety, depression, crying spells,
fatigue, Insomnia, nervousness, mood swings, phobias, temper outbursts, headaches,
and confusion
androgens - answers male sex hormones
abnormal levels of androgens produce __________ - answers aggressive behaviour
PMS - answers causes hormonal changes in women that affect criminality
neuroallergies cause ______, ___________, and ___________ problems - answers
mental, emotional, behavioural
,neuroallergies are believed to produce what that causes brain swelling and sensitivity in
CNS? - answers enzymes
environmental contaminants - answers copper, cadmium, mercury, and inorganic gases
in ecosystem
high lead ingestion = - answers low IQ, aggressive behaviour, ADHD, ADD, bullying,
vandalism, truancy, and shoplifting
neurophysiology - answers the study of abnormalities acquired during fetal stage that
control behaviour
epigenetics - answers study of modification of gene expression over time, based on life
conditions
traumatic brain injuries can lead to loss of ____________________ and
_____________________________ - answers abstract reasoning + problem-solving
skills
Charles Whitman - answers killed his mother, wife, 15 other people, and injured 31
people. Had a malignant brain tumour and sought treatment for homicidal urges.
electroencephalograph - answers a device for recording electronic impulses known as
brain waves
violent criminals have higher levels of ___________ EEG recordings - answers
abnormal
fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms - answers learning difficulties, poor impulse control,
speech problems, inability to foresee consequences
minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) - answers cerebral abnormality that results in
maladaptive behaviour, antisocial acts, and depleted urge control
ADHD - answers developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, impulsivity, and
hyperactivity
persistent criminality is linked to dysfunction in _______ and ________ regions of brain,
which regulate and inhibit human behaviour - answers frontal + temporal
brain tumours are linked to
_________________________________________________ - answers personality
changes, hallucinations, psychotic episodes, depression, irritability, temper outbursts,
and even homicidal attacks
CNS diseases are associated with ___________ disturbances - answers emotional
, abnormal levels of neurotransmitters like
_________________________________________________________ are linked with
aggression - answers androgens, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, monoamine
oxidase, and GABA
low supply of monoamine oxidase = - answers punishment defiance, impulsivity,
hyperactivity, poor academic performance, sensation-seeking and risk-taking, and
recreational drug use
__________ have higher levels of monoamine oxidase - answers women
arousal theory - answers A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to
maintain an optimal level of arousal
personality traits associated with criminality that may be heritable include
_______________ and _______________ - answers aggression + psychopathology
twin studies - answers early studies showed that identical twins shared more criminal
patterns than fraternal twins
adoption studies - answers studies indicate relationship between bio parent behaviour
and behaviour of children
contagion - answers genetic effect may actually be effect of sibling influence
r/K theory - answers an evolutionary theory differentiating cooperative people from
deceptive ones
r-selection individuals - answers reproduce whenever they can and invest little in off-
spring
K-selection individuals - answers reproduce slowly and take care in raising offspring
opportunistic populations - answers populations in environments with limited resources;
needs competition to survive
equilibrium populations - answers populations in more stable environments; cooperation
can thrive
cheater theory - answers suggests that population of men have evolved with genes that
incline them towards extremely low parental involvement
children produced from cheater men have _________________ - answers low IQ,
aggressive personalities, and little chance of proper socialization due to absent fathers
