NU 578 UNIT 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Insulin use - (ANSWER)Insulin is used to treat all patients with type 1 and many with type 2 diabetes.
consists of two amino acid chains (a acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide bridges. it is synthesized
in the pancreas by b ce;;s within islets of langerhans. insulin is released by rise in blood sugar (eating a.
meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and buildup of energy stores)
Insulin metabolic actions - (ANSWER)Insulin promotes glucose into glycogen, amino acids assembled
into proteins, fatty acids into triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into glycerol.
Metformin use - (ANSWER)Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other drugs. can be used for prevention of type
2 diabetes, GDM, PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of glucose. Does not stimulate insulin release
from the pancreas.
Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins) - (ANSWER)go to pancreas and increase insulin release.
Example is Sitaglitpin
Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors). (gliflozins) - (ANSWER)Example:
empagliflozin
increases urine excretion of glucose, taken PO, reduces cardiovascular risk of type 2 diabetes.
SE: yeast infections and genital gangrene
, NU 578 UNIT 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Incretin Mimetics ('tides) - (ANSWER)injectables that slow gastric emptying, causes weight loss and help
an overwhelmed pancreas.
solfonylureas - (ANSWER)stimulate pancreas to release more insulin. range in onset, duration, and
potency and are only used for type 2 diabetes. there are first generation and second generation. second
are more potent and doses are lower and drug drug interactions are less common
AE: hypoglycemia
Acarbose - (ANSWER)a glucosidase inhibitor
oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. this delays
digestion and prolongs absorption of carbs and decreases postprandial hyperglycemia!!
ADR: FI upset and flatulence.
take this with first bite of each meal.
Insulin Complications/ Drug Interactions - (ANSWER)hypoglycemia caused by overdose.
hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, glinides, and alcohol), hyperglycemia agents, b adrenergic blocking
agents.
Sitagliptin - (ANSWER)DP4 inhibitor.
stimulates glucose dependent release of insulin and suppresses postprandial release of glycogen. both
actions help keep BG from climbing to ohhight. used for type 2 dm
AE: URI, headache, inflammation of nasal passages, pancreatitis, hypersensitivity reactions.
Canagliflozin - (ANSWER)SGC2 inhibitor
Insulin use - (ANSWER)Insulin is used to treat all patients with type 1 and many with type 2 diabetes.
consists of two amino acid chains (a acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide bridges. it is synthesized
in the pancreas by b ce;;s within islets of langerhans. insulin is released by rise in blood sugar (eating a.
meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and buildup of energy stores)
Insulin metabolic actions - (ANSWER)Insulin promotes glucose into glycogen, amino acids assembled
into proteins, fatty acids into triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into glycerol.
Metformin use - (ANSWER)Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other drugs. can be used for prevention of type
2 diabetes, GDM, PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of glucose. Does not stimulate insulin release
from the pancreas.
Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins) - (ANSWER)go to pancreas and increase insulin release.
Example is Sitaglitpin
Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors). (gliflozins) - (ANSWER)Example:
empagliflozin
increases urine excretion of glucose, taken PO, reduces cardiovascular risk of type 2 diabetes.
SE: yeast infections and genital gangrene
, NU 578 UNIT 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Incretin Mimetics ('tides) - (ANSWER)injectables that slow gastric emptying, causes weight loss and help
an overwhelmed pancreas.
solfonylureas - (ANSWER)stimulate pancreas to release more insulin. range in onset, duration, and
potency and are only used for type 2 diabetes. there are first generation and second generation. second
are more potent and doses are lower and drug drug interactions are less common
AE: hypoglycemia
Acarbose - (ANSWER)a glucosidase inhibitor
oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. this delays
digestion and prolongs absorption of carbs and decreases postprandial hyperglycemia!!
ADR: FI upset and flatulence.
take this with first bite of each meal.
Insulin Complications/ Drug Interactions - (ANSWER)hypoglycemia caused by overdose.
hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, glinides, and alcohol), hyperglycemia agents, b adrenergic blocking
agents.
Sitagliptin - (ANSWER)DP4 inhibitor.
stimulates glucose dependent release of insulin and suppresses postprandial release of glycogen. both
actions help keep BG from climbing to ohhight. used for type 2 dm
AE: URI, headache, inflammation of nasal passages, pancreatitis, hypersensitivity reactions.
Canagliflozin - (ANSWER)SGC2 inhibitor
