definitions of stuttering
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- Historically, some experts have defined stuttering in terms of variables
that are not specific to speech characteristics, OR do not specify any
behaviors at all:
- Stuttering is an anticipatory, apprehensive, hypertonic, avoidance reaction
(Johnson)
- Stuttering is a social role conflict (Sheehan)
- The stuttering event - "moment of stuttering" 1931 Travis "a disturbance in
the rhythm of speech; an intermittent blocking; a convulsive repetition of a
, sound"
-Cerebral Dominance Confusion (Travis + Orton)
Reduced Speech Rate and Shadowing and Choral Reading
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Creates a novel mode of speech that reduces stuttering frequency
In Shadowing and Choral Reading it is the same principle
Shadowing - Clinician reads and client is 1-2 words behind
Choral Reading - Reading in Unison
Again the effects are secondary to the removal of the discriminative stimuli
for stuttering
ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STUTTERING (from Yairi & Seeri 2015)
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Overt speech characteristics
Stuttering is a complex disorder whose central feature is an excessive rate
or duration of disfluencies, these are considered to be the first major
dimension of what is a complex stuttering disorder.
However, the disorder includes several additional characteristics .
Additional characteristics are more variable than disfluencies and are
sometimes difficult to measure, though the clinician should try to quantify
these aspects of stuttering as well
Physiological activity
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, Respiratory problems are associated with dysfluent speech; these
problems include:
Attempts to speak during inhalation
Attempts at continued speech production even though the air supply has
been exhausted
Interruption of inhalation by exhalation and vice versa
Jerky and arrhythmic breathing during Stuttering
Uneven flow of air during speech
Prolonged expirations or inhalations
Cessation of breathing during speech
Phonatory and Laryngeal Problems
Stuttered speech is associated with varied laryngeal abnormalities that can
be directly observed through video endoscopes and other instrumentation.
Compared to speakers who do not stutter, the following phonatory and
laryngeal problems are noted in those who stutter:
Slow or delayed onset of phonation (slow in relation to articulatory
movements)
Delayed termination of phonation
Slow onset and termination of phonation when a signal is given to start or
stop phonation
Increased laryngeal muscle activity {studied by electromyography)
Increased tension in the vocal folds
Tremors and rigidity of the vocal folds
Simultaneous contraction of abductor and adductor muscles
Inappropriate abduction or adduction of vocal folds
Skin reactions, pupil responses, brainwave activities, increased tension in
muscles of the face, neck, and chest observed on electromyographic
studies
Many of these changes cannot be observed with the naked eye, but
sophisticated technology has been used to document these changes.
Question: Are these physiological changes necessary to diagnose
stuttering?
Physical concomitants - Secondary Characteristics (aka Associated Motor
Behaviors)
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, Stuttering (dysfluency) may be associated with a variety of motor
behaviors.
A Person who stutters may exhibit a unique combination of these motor
behaviors associated with disfluencies:
Flaring or wrinkling of the nose
Wrinkling of the forehead
Rapid eye blinking
Tight closure of the eyes
Quivering or pursing of the lips
Abnormal jaw movements (quivering; rapid up-and-down movements tight
closure)
Abnormal head and neck movements
Abnormal oral postures including wide-open mouth even in an attempt to
produce bilabial consonants
Abnormal oral postures including wide-open mouth even in an attempt to
produce bilabial consonants
Repeated opening and closing of the mouth
Tongue clicks; pressing the tongue against the hard palate
Teeth grinding or chattering
Abnormal movements of the torso
Wringing of the hands
Swinging of the hands
Clenching of the fist
Tapping with the hand or foot
Rubbing the floor with the sole of shoes
These physical signs often manifest in association with the overt speech
events
Question: Are secondary motor behaviors necessary for a diagnosis of
stuttering?
Genetic Perspectives: Concordance Rate in Twins
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
- Historically, some experts have defined stuttering in terms of variables
that are not specific to speech characteristics, OR do not specify any
behaviors at all:
- Stuttering is an anticipatory, apprehensive, hypertonic, avoidance reaction
(Johnson)
- Stuttering is a social role conflict (Sheehan)
- The stuttering event - "moment of stuttering" 1931 Travis "a disturbance in
the rhythm of speech; an intermittent blocking; a convulsive repetition of a
, sound"
-Cerebral Dominance Confusion (Travis + Orton)
Reduced Speech Rate and Shadowing and Choral Reading
Give this one a try later!
Creates a novel mode of speech that reduces stuttering frequency
In Shadowing and Choral Reading it is the same principle
Shadowing - Clinician reads and client is 1-2 words behind
Choral Reading - Reading in Unison
Again the effects are secondary to the removal of the discriminative stimuli
for stuttering
ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STUTTERING (from Yairi & Seeri 2015)
Give this one a try later!
Overt speech characteristics
Stuttering is a complex disorder whose central feature is an excessive rate
or duration of disfluencies, these are considered to be the first major
dimension of what is a complex stuttering disorder.
However, the disorder includes several additional characteristics .
Additional characteristics are more variable than disfluencies and are
sometimes difficult to measure, though the clinician should try to quantify
these aspects of stuttering as well
Physiological activity
Give this one a try later!
, Respiratory problems are associated with dysfluent speech; these
problems include:
Attempts to speak during inhalation
Attempts at continued speech production even though the air supply has
been exhausted
Interruption of inhalation by exhalation and vice versa
Jerky and arrhythmic breathing during Stuttering
Uneven flow of air during speech
Prolonged expirations or inhalations
Cessation of breathing during speech
Phonatory and Laryngeal Problems
Stuttered speech is associated with varied laryngeal abnormalities that can
be directly observed through video endoscopes and other instrumentation.
Compared to speakers who do not stutter, the following phonatory and
laryngeal problems are noted in those who stutter:
Slow or delayed onset of phonation (slow in relation to articulatory
movements)
Delayed termination of phonation
Slow onset and termination of phonation when a signal is given to start or
stop phonation
Increased laryngeal muscle activity {studied by electromyography)
Increased tension in the vocal folds
Tremors and rigidity of the vocal folds
Simultaneous contraction of abductor and adductor muscles
Inappropriate abduction or adduction of vocal folds
Skin reactions, pupil responses, brainwave activities, increased tension in
muscles of the face, neck, and chest observed on electromyographic
studies
Many of these changes cannot be observed with the naked eye, but
sophisticated technology has been used to document these changes.
Question: Are these physiological changes necessary to diagnose
stuttering?
Physical concomitants - Secondary Characteristics (aka Associated Motor
Behaviors)
Give this one a try later!
, Stuttering (dysfluency) may be associated with a variety of motor
behaviors.
A Person who stutters may exhibit a unique combination of these motor
behaviors associated with disfluencies:
Flaring or wrinkling of the nose
Wrinkling of the forehead
Rapid eye blinking
Tight closure of the eyes
Quivering or pursing of the lips
Abnormal jaw movements (quivering; rapid up-and-down movements tight
closure)
Abnormal head and neck movements
Abnormal oral postures including wide-open mouth even in an attempt to
produce bilabial consonants
Abnormal oral postures including wide-open mouth even in an attempt to
produce bilabial consonants
Repeated opening and closing of the mouth
Tongue clicks; pressing the tongue against the hard palate
Teeth grinding or chattering
Abnormal movements of the torso
Wringing of the hands
Swinging of the hands
Clenching of the fist
Tapping with the hand or foot
Rubbing the floor with the sole of shoes
These physical signs often manifest in association with the overt speech
events
Question: Are secondary motor behaviors necessary for a diagnosis of
stuttering?
Genetic Perspectives: Concordance Rate in Twins
Give this one a try later!
