3.ENERGY CONSERVATION IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
★ Generation, transmission, distribution and transformation components are the element of power system interconnected
facilities of an electrical utility necessary to provide services.
★ Generated electricity reaches to end users through a large and complex network of Transformers, overhead lines,
cables and other associated equipments
★ Debate effect is number of Total units of power generated at power station do not match with the total number of units
of power distributed at consumer end.
★ Difference in generator unit and distributed you need at user and is nothing but a Transmission and distribution losses
Mathematically,
Transmission and distribution losses = Energy Generated - Energy Billed
Also , T & D Losses = Energy Input to feeder (Kwh) – Billed Energy to Consumer (Kwh)
Energy Input (Kwh)
★ From this, it is clear that Transmission and distribution losses are the amount of energy which is not accounted to pay
for by the consumer.
★ Transmission and distribution losses are been one of the biggest challenges to Indian power sector.
★ Factor attributing to this process may be technical or non technical
★ Technical losses include the losses due to energy dissipated in lines due to various reasons and non-technical losses
occur due to lack of Administration
Aggregated Technical & Commercial (ATC) Losses in power System at State
,Regional and Global Level:
❖ Energy losses are inevitable in supplying the electricity to consumer premises open 2 technical and commercial
reasons.
❖ Technical losses: energy dissipated in conductors, Transformers, and other equipments, power transfer, sub
Transmission and distribution system.
❖ Commercial losses: Hooking, meter bypass, defective meters, unmetered supply, unrecovered billing, etc. Technical
losses and commercial losses sum up together give Transmission and distribution losses.
❖ Uncovered winning amount is reflected in collection efficiency
❖ Transmission and distribution loss together with loss in collection gives aggregate technical and commercial losses
(AT&C)
❖ Continuous reduction in aggregate technical and commercial losses (AT & C) has been achieved in the country.
❖ In 2004 AT & C was observed to be 34.33 and current status is 18.31% in India.
❖ At present, Maharashtra is facing 21.32 (w.r.t. 12/08/2020 )% AT & C losses.
❖ The following table shows the present status of state wise AT & C losses in the country.
❖ (Use UDAY APP. And write down latest values)
Sr.no State AT & C Losses(%)
.
❖ The Transmission and distribution losses in developed countries are in the range of 4 % to 8%
❖ Countries in Europe and United State of America has T&D losses of about 6% to 8%
❖ Japan and Germany have reported losses of 5%. Arshi on the other hand has reported the losses of around 10% India
compass badly to T&D losses average of developed World.
, ❖ Even China has been able to check its T&D losses with just 6% losses reported
Technical losses, causes and measures to reduce:
➢ Technical losses are brought down in Transmission and distribution using various ways
➢ It requires identification of culprit areas that are contributing in losses. Implementation of reduction measures at
respective areas lead to effective decrease in loss percentage
1.By reducing I2R losses:
➔ All the way of reducing I square or losses leads to significant energy conservation in 2nd system as energy is dissipated
in the form of heat in this
➔ in transmission, lower voltage level means more current hands copper loss thurs higher transmission voltage level are
preferred for transmission purpose
➔ in a similar way, for located distribution transformer causes voltage drop at consumer and and hence more current and
more line losses
➔ to reduce line losses by this way, distance between Distribution Transformer and consumer should be such that it will
keep voltage drop in permissible limit
➔ in L T distribution lines, low power factor exist that causes more current to draw for a given load
➔ losses oven to this can be minimised by power factor improvement
➔ there are various ways of power factor improvement such as,
➔ connecting shunt capacitor at secondary side of 33/11KV of distribution transformer
➔ this capacitor can be connected at different point of distribution lines
➔ better way is to connect capacitor at consumer and who is having inductive load
2.By Reducing I2R Losses:
➔ All the way of reducing I square R losses leads to significant energy conservation in T&D system as energy is
dissipated in the form of heat in this
➔ In transmission, lower voltages level means more current hence copper loss thus higher transmission voltage level are
preferred for transmission purpose
➔ In a similar way, located distribution transformer causes voltage drop at consumer end hence more current and more
line losses
➔ To reduce line losses by this way, distance between Distribution Transformer and consumer should be such that it it
will keep voltage drop in permissible limit
➔ In L.T. distribution lines, low power factor exist that causes more current to draw from a given load
➔ Owing to this can be minimized by power factor improvement.
➔ There are various ways of power factor improvement such as,
➔ Connecting shunt capacitor at secondary side of 33/11 KV of of distribution transformer
➔ This capacitor can be connected at different points of the distribution lines
➔ Better way is to connect capacitors at consumer end who is having inductive load
3. System voltage Optimisation and phase current balancing
➔ Four wire distribution feeders are a made up of three phase and single phase section customer are supplied through
three phase or single phase
➔ The current in 3 phase section are not at all completely balance
➔ There may be as much as 50% difference in magnitude between the highest and lowest loaded phases
➔ More over the degree of imbalance varies along the length of each feeder
➔ The phases of the supply for each load is selected to execute balancing
➔ Due to this, the total load is distributed as evenly as possible between the phases for each section of feeder
➔ If a single phase load is supplied from a three-phase node, there are three possibilities for connecting the load.
➔ If there are two single phase loads present, there are six possible connections
➔ 3 phase load are not considered because most of them are balanced.
➔ In case of 3 phase loads, changing the phasing order can affect 3 phase loads.
★ Generation, transmission, distribution and transformation components are the element of power system interconnected
facilities of an electrical utility necessary to provide services.
★ Generated electricity reaches to end users through a large and complex network of Transformers, overhead lines,
cables and other associated equipments
★ Debate effect is number of Total units of power generated at power station do not match with the total number of units
of power distributed at consumer end.
★ Difference in generator unit and distributed you need at user and is nothing but a Transmission and distribution losses
Mathematically,
Transmission and distribution losses = Energy Generated - Energy Billed
Also , T & D Losses = Energy Input to feeder (Kwh) – Billed Energy to Consumer (Kwh)
Energy Input (Kwh)
★ From this, it is clear that Transmission and distribution losses are the amount of energy which is not accounted to pay
for by the consumer.
★ Transmission and distribution losses are been one of the biggest challenges to Indian power sector.
★ Factor attributing to this process may be technical or non technical
★ Technical losses include the losses due to energy dissipated in lines due to various reasons and non-technical losses
occur due to lack of Administration
Aggregated Technical & Commercial (ATC) Losses in power System at State
,Regional and Global Level:
❖ Energy losses are inevitable in supplying the electricity to consumer premises open 2 technical and commercial
reasons.
❖ Technical losses: energy dissipated in conductors, Transformers, and other equipments, power transfer, sub
Transmission and distribution system.
❖ Commercial losses: Hooking, meter bypass, defective meters, unmetered supply, unrecovered billing, etc. Technical
losses and commercial losses sum up together give Transmission and distribution losses.
❖ Uncovered winning amount is reflected in collection efficiency
❖ Transmission and distribution loss together with loss in collection gives aggregate technical and commercial losses
(AT&C)
❖ Continuous reduction in aggregate technical and commercial losses (AT & C) has been achieved in the country.
❖ In 2004 AT & C was observed to be 34.33 and current status is 18.31% in India.
❖ At present, Maharashtra is facing 21.32 (w.r.t. 12/08/2020 )% AT & C losses.
❖ The following table shows the present status of state wise AT & C losses in the country.
❖ (Use UDAY APP. And write down latest values)
Sr.no State AT & C Losses(%)
.
❖ The Transmission and distribution losses in developed countries are in the range of 4 % to 8%
❖ Countries in Europe and United State of America has T&D losses of about 6% to 8%
❖ Japan and Germany have reported losses of 5%. Arshi on the other hand has reported the losses of around 10% India
compass badly to T&D losses average of developed World.
, ❖ Even China has been able to check its T&D losses with just 6% losses reported
Technical losses, causes and measures to reduce:
➢ Technical losses are brought down in Transmission and distribution using various ways
➢ It requires identification of culprit areas that are contributing in losses. Implementation of reduction measures at
respective areas lead to effective decrease in loss percentage
1.By reducing I2R losses:
➔ All the way of reducing I square or losses leads to significant energy conservation in 2nd system as energy is dissipated
in the form of heat in this
➔ in transmission, lower voltage level means more current hands copper loss thurs higher transmission voltage level are
preferred for transmission purpose
➔ in a similar way, for located distribution transformer causes voltage drop at consumer and and hence more current and
more line losses
➔ to reduce line losses by this way, distance between Distribution Transformer and consumer should be such that it will
keep voltage drop in permissible limit
➔ in L T distribution lines, low power factor exist that causes more current to draw for a given load
➔ losses oven to this can be minimised by power factor improvement
➔ there are various ways of power factor improvement such as,
➔ connecting shunt capacitor at secondary side of 33/11KV of distribution transformer
➔ this capacitor can be connected at different point of distribution lines
➔ better way is to connect capacitor at consumer and who is having inductive load
2.By Reducing I2R Losses:
➔ All the way of reducing I square R losses leads to significant energy conservation in T&D system as energy is
dissipated in the form of heat in this
➔ In transmission, lower voltages level means more current hence copper loss thus higher transmission voltage level are
preferred for transmission purpose
➔ In a similar way, located distribution transformer causes voltage drop at consumer end hence more current and more
line losses
➔ To reduce line losses by this way, distance between Distribution Transformer and consumer should be such that it it
will keep voltage drop in permissible limit
➔ In L.T. distribution lines, low power factor exist that causes more current to draw from a given load
➔ Owing to this can be minimized by power factor improvement.
➔ There are various ways of power factor improvement such as,
➔ Connecting shunt capacitor at secondary side of 33/11 KV of of distribution transformer
➔ This capacitor can be connected at different points of the distribution lines
➔ Better way is to connect capacitors at consumer end who is having inductive load
3. System voltage Optimisation and phase current balancing
➔ Four wire distribution feeders are a made up of three phase and single phase section customer are supplied through
three phase or single phase
➔ The current in 3 phase section are not at all completely balance
➔ There may be as much as 50% difference in magnitude between the highest and lowest loaded phases
➔ More over the degree of imbalance varies along the length of each feeder
➔ The phases of the supply for each load is selected to execute balancing
➔ Due to this, the total load is distributed as evenly as possible between the phases for each section of feeder
➔ If a single phase load is supplied from a three-phase node, there are three possibilities for connecting the load.
➔ If there are two single phase loads present, there are six possible connections
➔ 3 phase load are not considered because most of them are balanced.
➔ In case of 3 phase loads, changing the phasing order can affect 3 phase loads.
