ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 2 (INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM
JOINTS) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Functions of the Integumentary System - (ANSWER)-Resistance to trauma and infection
-Prevents loss or gain of water
-Vitamin D synthesis
-Sensory receptors for heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury
-Thermoregulation
How does skin resist trauma and infection? - (ANSWER)-Skin has low pH to reduce bacteria and fungi
-Cells are packed closely together with tough protein called keratin
Name 3 ways the integumentary system thermoregulates? - (ANSWER)-Glands release sweat for
evaporative cooling
- Vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
Define: Vasoconstriction - (ANSWER)narrowing of blood vessels, reduces heat loss
Define: Vasodilation - (ANSWER)widening of blood vessels, increases heat loss
What are the 2 main parts of the integumentary system? - (ANSWER)Epidermis- outer layer
Dermis- underlying connective tissue
*Hypodermis not really part of the skin!*
What does the epidermis primarily consist of? - (ANSWER)keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What are the epidermal derivatives? - (ANSWER)glands, hair, nails
What are the 4 main cell types in the epidermis? - (ANSWER)- Karatinocytes
,ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 2 (INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM
JOINTS) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
- Melanocytes
- Tactile (Merkel) cells
- Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Keratinocytes (functions) - (ANSWER)most numerous cell type, make fibrous protein keratin
Melanocytes (functions) - (ANSWER)synthesize pigment called melanin
Tactile cells (functions and 2nd name) - (ANSWER)also called Merkel cells, receptors for the sense of
touch, associated with a dermal nerve fiber
Dendritic cells (functions and 2nd name) - (ANSWER)macrophages (big phagocytic cells) that kill
microbes
What are the layers of the epidermis (list from bottom up)? - (ANSWER)- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
What layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin? - (ANSWER)Straum lucidum
How many layers are found in the stratum basale? - (ANSWER)1 layer
What cells are found in the stratum basale? - (ANSWER)stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile
(merkel) cells
, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 2 (INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM
JOINTS) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What is the importance of the stem cells in the stratum basale? - (ANSWER)makes it mitotically active,
the stem cells divide and give rise to keratinocytes
How many layers are in the stratum spinosum? - (ANSWER)8-10 layers
What is the appearance of the cells in the stratum spinosum, and why? - (ANSWER)The cells are
flattened, which happens as they are pushed upward
What is contained in the stratum spinosum? - (ANSWER)Keratinocytes, dendridic (langerhans) cells
In which epidermis layers do keratinocytes produce waterproofing substances? - (ANSWER)Stratum
spinosum, stratum granulosum
What are the waterproofing substances produced by the keratinocytes? - (ANSWER)keratin, lipids
How many layers are in the stratum granulosum? - (ANSWER)3-5 layers
In what layer do the nuclei and organelles begin to degenerate in the keratinocytes? - (ANSWER)stratum
granulosum
What do the cells look like in the stratum granulosum and why? - (ANSWER)They continue to flatten
because of accumulation of keratin
How many layers are in the stratum lucidum, and what do they look like? - (ANSWER)3-4 layers of
translucent cells
Why are the cells in the stratum lucidum translucent? - (ANSWER)the clear protein named eleidin
How many layers are in the stratum corneum? - (ANSWER)up to 30 layers
JOINTS) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Functions of the Integumentary System - (ANSWER)-Resistance to trauma and infection
-Prevents loss or gain of water
-Vitamin D synthesis
-Sensory receptors for heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury
-Thermoregulation
How does skin resist trauma and infection? - (ANSWER)-Skin has low pH to reduce bacteria and fungi
-Cells are packed closely together with tough protein called keratin
Name 3 ways the integumentary system thermoregulates? - (ANSWER)-Glands release sweat for
evaporative cooling
- Vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
Define: Vasoconstriction - (ANSWER)narrowing of blood vessels, reduces heat loss
Define: Vasodilation - (ANSWER)widening of blood vessels, increases heat loss
What are the 2 main parts of the integumentary system? - (ANSWER)Epidermis- outer layer
Dermis- underlying connective tissue
*Hypodermis not really part of the skin!*
What does the epidermis primarily consist of? - (ANSWER)keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What are the epidermal derivatives? - (ANSWER)glands, hair, nails
What are the 4 main cell types in the epidermis? - (ANSWER)- Karatinocytes
,ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 2 (INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM
JOINTS) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
- Melanocytes
- Tactile (Merkel) cells
- Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Keratinocytes (functions) - (ANSWER)most numerous cell type, make fibrous protein keratin
Melanocytes (functions) - (ANSWER)synthesize pigment called melanin
Tactile cells (functions and 2nd name) - (ANSWER)also called Merkel cells, receptors for the sense of
touch, associated with a dermal nerve fiber
Dendritic cells (functions and 2nd name) - (ANSWER)macrophages (big phagocytic cells) that kill
microbes
What are the layers of the epidermis (list from bottom up)? - (ANSWER)- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
What layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin? - (ANSWER)Straum lucidum
How many layers are found in the stratum basale? - (ANSWER)1 layer
What cells are found in the stratum basale? - (ANSWER)stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile
(merkel) cells
, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 2 (INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM
JOINTS) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What is the importance of the stem cells in the stratum basale? - (ANSWER)makes it mitotically active,
the stem cells divide and give rise to keratinocytes
How many layers are in the stratum spinosum? - (ANSWER)8-10 layers
What is the appearance of the cells in the stratum spinosum, and why? - (ANSWER)The cells are
flattened, which happens as they are pushed upward
What is contained in the stratum spinosum? - (ANSWER)Keratinocytes, dendridic (langerhans) cells
In which epidermis layers do keratinocytes produce waterproofing substances? - (ANSWER)Stratum
spinosum, stratum granulosum
What are the waterproofing substances produced by the keratinocytes? - (ANSWER)keratin, lipids
How many layers are in the stratum granulosum? - (ANSWER)3-5 layers
In what layer do the nuclei and organelles begin to degenerate in the keratinocytes? - (ANSWER)stratum
granulosum
What do the cells look like in the stratum granulosum and why? - (ANSWER)They continue to flatten
because of accumulation of keratin
How many layers are in the stratum lucidum, and what do they look like? - (ANSWER)3-4 layers of
translucent cells
Why are the cells in the stratum lucidum translucent? - (ANSWER)the clear protein named eleidin
How many layers are in the stratum corneum? - (ANSWER)up to 30 layers
