WGU C458 HEALTH, FITNESS AND WELLNESS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Nutrition - (ANSWER)provides the body with the nutrients it needs to perform its daily tasks
Undernutrition - (ANSWER)implies that the individual is not getting enough nutrients. This can occur
even if the person is consuming more than enough calories
Malnutrition - (ANSWER)an imbalance of proper nutrients
Anorexia nervosa - (ANSWER)literally means loss of appetite, but this is a misnomer: A person with this
is hungry, but denies the hunger because of an irrational fear of becoming fat. Self-starvation, food
preoccupation and rituals, compulsive exercising, and often an absence of menstrual cycles in women.
Untreated, can be fatal.
Bulimia - (ANSWER)characterized by recurring periods of binge eating, during which large amounts of
food are consumed in a short period of time followed by purging (through self-induced vomiting, abuse
of laxatives and/or diuretics) or periods of fasting
Binge eating disorder (BED) - (ANSWER)episodes of binge eating characterized by eating rapidly, eating
large amounts of food even when not feeling hungry, and feeling guilty or depressed after overeating.
Obesity - (ANSWER)15 to 20 percent above normal weight. Poor dietary patterns; include increased
intake of sugars in sweetened soft drinks, foods, and meals of high energy, low nutrient density, and
large portion sizes. At risk for serious health problems such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart
disease, stroke, and some types of cancer.
Minerals - (ANSWER)inorganic material. Form body parts (teeth and bones), maintain acid-base
neutrality, regulate nerve impulses, osmotic pressure, and electrolyte balance
Major minerals - (ANSWER)needed by the body:
• calcium—milk, cheese, sardines, salmon, green vegetables
• phosphorus—milk, cheese, lean meat
• potassium—oranges, bananas, dried fruits
,WGU C458 HEALTH, FITNESS AND WELLNESS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
• sulfur—eggs, poultry, fish
• sodium—table salt, beef, eggs, cheese
• chloride—table salt, meat
• magnesium—green vegetables, whole grains
Trace minerals - (ANSWER)required in lesser amounts, and include iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium,
copper, iodine, fluorine, chromium, molybdenum, and manganese
HDL cholesterol (high density lipoproteins) - (ANSWER)protect the body against heart disease. Often
called "good" cholesterol.
LDL cholesterol (low density lipoproteins) - (ANSWER)most cholesterol in the blood is of this type. Often
referred to as the bad cholesterol. high levels in the blood increases the risk of fatty deposits forming in
the arteries, which in turn increases the risk of a heart attack
Lipoproteins - (ANSWER)large molecules of fat and protein in the bloodstream; how cholesterol is
transported
Antioxidants - (ANSWER)slow the aging process. Reduce cellular damage by binding with free radicals
produced during oxidation reactions
Oxidation reactions - (ANSWER)the energy-yielding reactions in which either an oxygen atom adds an
electron to or a hydrogen atom removes an electron from a substrate (a group of atoms or molecule)—
the net result is a substrate that has had a partial or complete loss of a negatively charge particle, an
electron. Two partially charged atoms or groups of atoms, one positively charged and the other
negatively charged, now exist
Free radical (Oxidant) - (ANSWER)any atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron. Because
electrons typically function in pairs, these are very prone to binding to other substrates in an effort to
regain this paired status. When this happens in the human body, there is potential for a great deal of
damage.
,WGU C458 HEALTH, FITNESS AND WELLNESS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Carbohydrates - (ANSWER)produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Found in foods as monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Sources include fruits, vegetables, pasta, and rice which consist of
simple sugars and starches
Protein - (ANSWER)produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Sources include meats and milk. Composed of
8 essential(provided by the diet) and 12 nonessential(synthesized by the body) amino acids. Perform
many functions including building cells and tissues, forming blood and enzymes, and fighting infection.
means primary, and no organism can live, and almost no biological process can take place, without it
Lipids - (ANSWER)produce 9 calories of energy per gram. Organic compounds that do not readily
dissolve in water; based on their solubility, they are classified into triglycerides (more commonly known
as fats), phospholipids, and sterols
Incomplete protein - (ANSWER)proteins that are lacking one or more of the essential amino acids
Glycogen - (ANSWER)the polysaccharide form in which glucose is stored in the liver
Glucose - (ANSWER)simple sugar. The only source of energy that brain cells use to function
Triglycerides (Fats) - (ANSWER)Solid at room temperature. Group of chemical compounds that contain
fatty acids, often in very long strands. Most concentrated source of energy in the diet. Provides much of
the stored energy of the body. Insulate body organs against changes in environmental temperature.
Protect the organs and underlying tissues by acting as a shock absorber.
Water - (ANSWER)essential component of body structure. Second only to oxygen in importance to body
functioning. Acts as a solvent for minerals and other physiologically important compounds. In the body,
it transports nutrients to and waste products from the cells and helps regulate body temperature.
Comes from fluids and solids in the diet and also is produced by the metabolic processing of energy
nutrients within the tissues
Oils - (ANSWER)liquid at room temperature.
, WGU C458 HEALTH, FITNESS AND WELLNESS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Vitamins - (ANSWER)organic compounds required by every part of the body to maintain health and
prevent disease. Classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Do not become part of the body. Only
small amounts are needed, but must be provided by the diet because the body is not able to synthesize
them in the required quantities for proper nourishment and body function. Foster growth, promote the
ability to produce healthy offspring, maintain health, aid in the normal function of the digestive tract
and appetite, and help maintain immune system functions.
Fat-soluble vitamins - (ANSWER)found in the fatty parts of food and body tissues. Stored in the body
until needed, so it is not necessary to consume them every day. Transported by lipids through the body;
A, D, E, and K
Vitamin A - (ANSWER)important in promoting growth and health of body tissues as well as enhancing
the function of the immune system. Enhances vision by helping the retina function properly, permitting
us to distinguish between light and shade and to see various colors distinctly. A form of this is used by
dermatologists to treat acne and other skin disorders. Overdoses may result in yellowish, dry, scaly skin
and dry, irritated eyes
Vitamin D - (ANSWER)essential for calcium absorption and thus is needed to prevent and cure
rickets(deficiency disease in which bones fail to harden)
Vitamin E - (ANSWER)an activator in certain enzyme reactions, and it protects vitamins A and C from
being used up too quickly
Vitamin K - (ANSWER)essential for the synthesis of prothrombin, a substance needed for normal blood
coagulation.
Water-soluble vitamins - (ANSWER)associated with the watery parts of food and body tissues. Not
stored by the body. Excess amounts are usually excreted in the urine and, therefore, should be provided
in the diet on a regular basis. Includes the B vitamins and vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
B vitamins - (ANSWER)essential to daily human nutrition. Known as the B-complex group, they help body
systems combat stress and maintain energy reserves. The B-complex group consists of vitamin B1
Nutrition - (ANSWER)provides the body with the nutrients it needs to perform its daily tasks
Undernutrition - (ANSWER)implies that the individual is not getting enough nutrients. This can occur
even if the person is consuming more than enough calories
Malnutrition - (ANSWER)an imbalance of proper nutrients
Anorexia nervosa - (ANSWER)literally means loss of appetite, but this is a misnomer: A person with this
is hungry, but denies the hunger because of an irrational fear of becoming fat. Self-starvation, food
preoccupation and rituals, compulsive exercising, and often an absence of menstrual cycles in women.
Untreated, can be fatal.
Bulimia - (ANSWER)characterized by recurring periods of binge eating, during which large amounts of
food are consumed in a short period of time followed by purging (through self-induced vomiting, abuse
of laxatives and/or diuretics) or periods of fasting
Binge eating disorder (BED) - (ANSWER)episodes of binge eating characterized by eating rapidly, eating
large amounts of food even when not feeling hungry, and feeling guilty or depressed after overeating.
Obesity - (ANSWER)15 to 20 percent above normal weight. Poor dietary patterns; include increased
intake of sugars in sweetened soft drinks, foods, and meals of high energy, low nutrient density, and
large portion sizes. At risk for serious health problems such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart
disease, stroke, and some types of cancer.
Minerals - (ANSWER)inorganic material. Form body parts (teeth and bones), maintain acid-base
neutrality, regulate nerve impulses, osmotic pressure, and electrolyte balance
Major minerals - (ANSWER)needed by the body:
• calcium—milk, cheese, sardines, salmon, green vegetables
• phosphorus—milk, cheese, lean meat
• potassium—oranges, bananas, dried fruits
,WGU C458 HEALTH, FITNESS AND WELLNESS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
• sulfur—eggs, poultry, fish
• sodium—table salt, beef, eggs, cheese
• chloride—table salt, meat
• magnesium—green vegetables, whole grains
Trace minerals - (ANSWER)required in lesser amounts, and include iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium,
copper, iodine, fluorine, chromium, molybdenum, and manganese
HDL cholesterol (high density lipoproteins) - (ANSWER)protect the body against heart disease. Often
called "good" cholesterol.
LDL cholesterol (low density lipoproteins) - (ANSWER)most cholesterol in the blood is of this type. Often
referred to as the bad cholesterol. high levels in the blood increases the risk of fatty deposits forming in
the arteries, which in turn increases the risk of a heart attack
Lipoproteins - (ANSWER)large molecules of fat and protein in the bloodstream; how cholesterol is
transported
Antioxidants - (ANSWER)slow the aging process. Reduce cellular damage by binding with free radicals
produced during oxidation reactions
Oxidation reactions - (ANSWER)the energy-yielding reactions in which either an oxygen atom adds an
electron to or a hydrogen atom removes an electron from a substrate (a group of atoms or molecule)—
the net result is a substrate that has had a partial or complete loss of a negatively charge particle, an
electron. Two partially charged atoms or groups of atoms, one positively charged and the other
negatively charged, now exist
Free radical (Oxidant) - (ANSWER)any atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron. Because
electrons typically function in pairs, these are very prone to binding to other substrates in an effort to
regain this paired status. When this happens in the human body, there is potential for a great deal of
damage.
,WGU C458 HEALTH, FITNESS AND WELLNESS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Carbohydrates - (ANSWER)produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Found in foods as monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Sources include fruits, vegetables, pasta, and rice which consist of
simple sugars and starches
Protein - (ANSWER)produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Sources include meats and milk. Composed of
8 essential(provided by the diet) and 12 nonessential(synthesized by the body) amino acids. Perform
many functions including building cells and tissues, forming blood and enzymes, and fighting infection.
means primary, and no organism can live, and almost no biological process can take place, without it
Lipids - (ANSWER)produce 9 calories of energy per gram. Organic compounds that do not readily
dissolve in water; based on their solubility, they are classified into triglycerides (more commonly known
as fats), phospholipids, and sterols
Incomplete protein - (ANSWER)proteins that are lacking one or more of the essential amino acids
Glycogen - (ANSWER)the polysaccharide form in which glucose is stored in the liver
Glucose - (ANSWER)simple sugar. The only source of energy that brain cells use to function
Triglycerides (Fats) - (ANSWER)Solid at room temperature. Group of chemical compounds that contain
fatty acids, often in very long strands. Most concentrated source of energy in the diet. Provides much of
the stored energy of the body. Insulate body organs against changes in environmental temperature.
Protect the organs and underlying tissues by acting as a shock absorber.
Water - (ANSWER)essential component of body structure. Second only to oxygen in importance to body
functioning. Acts as a solvent for minerals and other physiologically important compounds. In the body,
it transports nutrients to and waste products from the cells and helps regulate body temperature.
Comes from fluids and solids in the diet and also is produced by the metabolic processing of energy
nutrients within the tissues
Oils - (ANSWER)liquid at room temperature.
, WGU C458 HEALTH, FITNESS AND WELLNESS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Vitamins - (ANSWER)organic compounds required by every part of the body to maintain health and
prevent disease. Classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Do not become part of the body. Only
small amounts are needed, but must be provided by the diet because the body is not able to synthesize
them in the required quantities for proper nourishment and body function. Foster growth, promote the
ability to produce healthy offspring, maintain health, aid in the normal function of the digestive tract
and appetite, and help maintain immune system functions.
Fat-soluble vitamins - (ANSWER)found in the fatty parts of food and body tissues. Stored in the body
until needed, so it is not necessary to consume them every day. Transported by lipids through the body;
A, D, E, and K
Vitamin A - (ANSWER)important in promoting growth and health of body tissues as well as enhancing
the function of the immune system. Enhances vision by helping the retina function properly, permitting
us to distinguish between light and shade and to see various colors distinctly. A form of this is used by
dermatologists to treat acne and other skin disorders. Overdoses may result in yellowish, dry, scaly skin
and dry, irritated eyes
Vitamin D - (ANSWER)essential for calcium absorption and thus is needed to prevent and cure
rickets(deficiency disease in which bones fail to harden)
Vitamin E - (ANSWER)an activator in certain enzyme reactions, and it protects vitamins A and C from
being used up too quickly
Vitamin K - (ANSWER)essential for the synthesis of prothrombin, a substance needed for normal blood
coagulation.
Water-soluble vitamins - (ANSWER)associated with the watery parts of food and body tissues. Not
stored by the body. Excess amounts are usually excreted in the urine and, therefore, should be provided
in the diet on a regular basis. Includes the B vitamins and vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
B vitamins - (ANSWER)essential to daily human nutrition. Known as the B-complex group, they help body
systems combat stress and maintain energy reserves. The B-complex group consists of vitamin B1
