arise regarding whether a third party (e.g., a parent or guardian) should make the decision on the
patient‘s behalf, and whether the legal framework supports such decisions.#### 2.2 **End-of-Life
Decisions and Euthanasia**End-of-life care, particularly decisions regarding euthanasia, brings about
significant ethical and legal debates. While some argue that individuals should have the right to
choose a dignified death through euthanasia or assisted suicide, others believe that these practices
undermine the sanctity of life. Legal systems across the world differ on the matter, with some
countries or states permitting euthanasia, while others forbid it entirely.#### 2.3 **Confidentiality and
Privacy**Medical professionals are ethically and legally bound to maintain patient confidentiality. The
principle of confidentiality is critical for building trust between patients and healthcare providers.
However, breaches in confidentiality can occur when healthcare providers are
LCP4801 (WITH MAY/JUNE 2020 MEMO-ALSO WITH
2015-2019 SOLUTIONS -DESIGNED TO SUIT
OCTO/NOV 2020 EXAM] -OPEN BOOK SOLUTIONS
[EXAM PACK]
Contents
EXAMINATION PACK ............................................................................................................ 1
LCP4801 – INTERNATIONAL LAW ..................................................................................... 1
LCP4801 MAY/JUNE 2020 ONLINE EXAM......................................................................... 4
LCP4801 MAY/JUNE 2018 ................................................................................................... 23
LCP4801 OCT/NOV 2018 ..................................................................................................... 33
LCP4801 MAY/JUNE 2019 ................................................................................................... 46
LCP4801 OCT/NOV 2019 ..................................................................................................... 60
, LCP4801 MAY/JUNE 2020 ONLINE EXAM
QUESTION 1
arise regarding whether a third party (e.g., a parent or guardian) should make the decision on the
patient‘s behalf, and whether the legal framework supports such decisions.#### 2.2 **End-of-Life
Decisions and Euthanasia**End-of-life care, particularly decisions regarding euthanasia, brings
about significant ethical and legal debates. While some argue that individuals should have the right
to choose a dignified death through euthanasia or assisted suicide, others believe that these
practices undermine the sanctity of life. Legal systems across the world differ on the matter, with
some countries or states permitting euthanasia, while others forbid it entirely.#### 2.3
**Confidentiality and Privacy**Medical professionals are ethically and legally bound to maintain
patient confidentiality. The principle of confidentiality is critical for building trust between patients
and healthcare providers. However, breaches in confidentiality can occur when healthcare providers
are
International law is the law that governs relations between states. It is also the law that
governs relations between states and international organisations as well as, between
international organisations.
EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND WIDELY PERVASIVE EUROCENTRIC
APPROACH
The evolution of international law has been claimed to be owed to the Western legal
players. It is because of this belief that the historical evolution of international law is an
integral part of the phenomenon of state formation. This process owed its influence to
the conditions that started to prevail towards the end of the 1500s in parts of Europe
and which account for what is usually referred to as the Eurocentric nature of ‗early‘
international law.
The appearance of international relations thus coincided with the rise of several
sovereign states as they entered into external relations with one another or when they
sought the formation of alliances between themselves for the protection of their own or
collective interests.
The period from 1500 to 1648
This period is known for the emergence of modern Europe and was characterised by
vigorous economic expansion, followed by social, political and cultural transformations.
After two centuries of decline, most areas in Europe now experienced an expansion in
, population growth with commercial activities becoming stronger and more closeknit
within Europe. Geographic discoveries and expansion helped integrate Europe into a
kind of world economic system.
This period saw the emergence of Westphalian model. This is an international order
consisting mainly or exclusively of independent sovereign States which exercised
untrammeled authority within their respective territories and freely coordinated their
mutual relations in accordance with their perceived self-interest on the basis of equality.
It is a model which upholds state sovereignty and its major role in being a role player in
international law. The sovereign equality of states and respect for their independence,
ideas that developed between this period are still part of the fundamental principles of
international law, and are enshrined in the UN Charter.
The period from 1648 to 1815
arise regarding whether a third party (e.g., a parent or guardian) should make the decision on
the patient‘s behalf, and whether the legal framework supports such decisions.#### 2.2
**End-of-Life Decisions and Euthanasia**End-of-life care, particularly decisions regarding
euthanasia, brings about significant ethical and legal debates. While some argue that
individuals should have the right to choose a dignified death through euthanasia or assisted
suicide, others believe that these practices undermine the sanctity of life. Legal systems
across the world differ on the matter, with some countries or states permitting euthanasia,
while others forbid it entirely.#### 2.3 **Confidentiality and Privacy**Medical professionals
are ethically and legally bound to maintain patient confidentiality. The principle of
confidentiality is critical for building trust between patients and healthcare providers.
However, breaches in confidentiality can occur when healthcare providers are
This event, described as the ‗most important event in modern history‘, called into being
a new form of state referred to as the nation state. It was based on a set of rules that
were entirely different from those applicable in the colonial motherland at the time that
the colonial émigrés started to settle in the new world. What emerged here was the
concept of the nation as a political entity that was a voluntary association of a people
under a common set of laws and represented by the same government. Connected to
this historical notion of state formation were the aspirations of peoples or nations to
independent statehood in the political and legal sense of the word. This led to the often
interchangeable use of concepts such as ‗nation‘ and ‗state‘ in international law and in
international relations.
The developments in this section provided the foundation for the establishment of a new
international order based on a European balance of power. International law became
the preserve of the European Christian states. Therefore, by the end of this epoch the
new international order reflected European values. Access to this order by foreign
states and overseas possessions was possible only with the consent of the Western
powers and on conditions determined by them.
, The nineteenth century was also the age of the European conferences between the
major powers. These contributed significantly to the development of rules governing the
waging of war and the settlement of disputes. Through a network of international
relations, the application of international law principles expanded and necessitated the
academic study of state practice at institutions of higher learning.
arise regarding whether a third party (e.g., a parent or guardian) should make the decision on the
patient‘s behalf, and whether the legal framework supports such decisions.#### 2.2 **End-of-Life
Decisions and Euthanasia**End-of-life care, particularly decisions regarding euthanasia, brings
about significant ethical and legal debates. While some argue that individuals should have the right
to choose a dignified death through euthanasia or assisted suicide, others believe that these
practices undermine the sanctity of life. Legal systems across the world differ on the matter, with
some countries or states permitting euthanasia, while others forbid it entirely.#### 2.3
**Confidentiality and Privacy**Medical professionals are ethically and legally bound to maintain
patient confidentiality. The principle of confidentiality is critical for building trust between patients
and healthcare providers. However, breaches in confidentiality can occur when healthcare providers
are
The period from 1815 to 1914
This is the period which saw the emergence of colonialism when African states were
regarded as terra nullius. Colonial acquisitions were that while the presence of an
indigenous population in these territories could prevent or limit the acquisition of private
law rights, it could not prevent occupation of the territory for the purpose of asserting
state sovereignty rights. Hence, any inhabited territory that was not the sovereign
territory of a state, or a protectorate of a state, could become the object of occupation.
According to this theory, subjects of international law were only those states that
exercised all rights of sovereignty and performed state functions in the same way as
modern European states did. In Africa, although there were more or less distinct forms
of political organisation, these were not sufficient to make it possible to speak of a real
state. Therefore, they were not subjects of international law and their territory was
ownerless in international law. Any recognised subject of international law could occupy
Africa as terra nullius.
Before World Wars
Before the outbreak of World War I the Hague International Peace Conferences of 1899
and 1907 played a great role in developing international law. Their legacy in the years to
come would feature strongly in three areas of concern for international law – namely,
peaceful settlement of disputes, disarmament, and the law of armed conflict. The Hague
conferences produced the first, landmark codification of international law principles,
inspired by humanitarian and peace concerns, but had no mitigating effect on Britain‘s
scorched earth policy and the use of concentration camps in its war against the Boer
Republics in South Africa (1899–1902). Nor could it prevent the outbreak of World War
patient‘s behalf, and whether the legal framework supports such decisions.#### 2.2 **End-of-Life
Decisions and Euthanasia**End-of-life care, particularly decisions regarding euthanasia, brings about
significant ethical and legal debates. While some argue that individuals should have the right to
choose a dignified death through euthanasia or assisted suicide, others believe that these practices
undermine the sanctity of life. Legal systems across the world differ on the matter, with some
countries or states permitting euthanasia, while others forbid it entirely.#### 2.3 **Confidentiality and
Privacy**Medical professionals are ethically and legally bound to maintain patient confidentiality. The
principle of confidentiality is critical for building trust between patients and healthcare providers.
However, breaches in confidentiality can occur when healthcare providers are
LCP4801 (WITH MAY/JUNE 2020 MEMO-ALSO WITH
2015-2019 SOLUTIONS -DESIGNED TO SUIT
OCTO/NOV 2020 EXAM] -OPEN BOOK SOLUTIONS
[EXAM PACK]
Contents
EXAMINATION PACK ............................................................................................................ 1
LCP4801 – INTERNATIONAL LAW ..................................................................................... 1
LCP4801 MAY/JUNE 2020 ONLINE EXAM......................................................................... 4
LCP4801 MAY/JUNE 2018 ................................................................................................... 23
LCP4801 OCT/NOV 2018 ..................................................................................................... 33
LCP4801 MAY/JUNE 2019 ................................................................................................... 46
LCP4801 OCT/NOV 2019 ..................................................................................................... 60
, LCP4801 MAY/JUNE 2020 ONLINE EXAM
QUESTION 1
arise regarding whether a third party (e.g., a parent or guardian) should make the decision on the
patient‘s behalf, and whether the legal framework supports such decisions.#### 2.2 **End-of-Life
Decisions and Euthanasia**End-of-life care, particularly decisions regarding euthanasia, brings
about significant ethical and legal debates. While some argue that individuals should have the right
to choose a dignified death through euthanasia or assisted suicide, others believe that these
practices undermine the sanctity of life. Legal systems across the world differ on the matter, with
some countries or states permitting euthanasia, while others forbid it entirely.#### 2.3
**Confidentiality and Privacy**Medical professionals are ethically and legally bound to maintain
patient confidentiality. The principle of confidentiality is critical for building trust between patients
and healthcare providers. However, breaches in confidentiality can occur when healthcare providers
are
International law is the law that governs relations between states. It is also the law that
governs relations between states and international organisations as well as, between
international organisations.
EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND WIDELY PERVASIVE EUROCENTRIC
APPROACH
The evolution of international law has been claimed to be owed to the Western legal
players. It is because of this belief that the historical evolution of international law is an
integral part of the phenomenon of state formation. This process owed its influence to
the conditions that started to prevail towards the end of the 1500s in parts of Europe
and which account for what is usually referred to as the Eurocentric nature of ‗early‘
international law.
The appearance of international relations thus coincided with the rise of several
sovereign states as they entered into external relations with one another or when they
sought the formation of alliances between themselves for the protection of their own or
collective interests.
The period from 1500 to 1648
This period is known for the emergence of modern Europe and was characterised by
vigorous economic expansion, followed by social, political and cultural transformations.
After two centuries of decline, most areas in Europe now experienced an expansion in
, population growth with commercial activities becoming stronger and more closeknit
within Europe. Geographic discoveries and expansion helped integrate Europe into a
kind of world economic system.
This period saw the emergence of Westphalian model. This is an international order
consisting mainly or exclusively of independent sovereign States which exercised
untrammeled authority within their respective territories and freely coordinated their
mutual relations in accordance with their perceived self-interest on the basis of equality.
It is a model which upholds state sovereignty and its major role in being a role player in
international law. The sovereign equality of states and respect for their independence,
ideas that developed between this period are still part of the fundamental principles of
international law, and are enshrined in the UN Charter.
The period from 1648 to 1815
arise regarding whether a third party (e.g., a parent or guardian) should make the decision on
the patient‘s behalf, and whether the legal framework supports such decisions.#### 2.2
**End-of-Life Decisions and Euthanasia**End-of-life care, particularly decisions regarding
euthanasia, brings about significant ethical and legal debates. While some argue that
individuals should have the right to choose a dignified death through euthanasia or assisted
suicide, others believe that these practices undermine the sanctity of life. Legal systems
across the world differ on the matter, with some countries or states permitting euthanasia,
while others forbid it entirely.#### 2.3 **Confidentiality and Privacy**Medical professionals
are ethically and legally bound to maintain patient confidentiality. The principle of
confidentiality is critical for building trust between patients and healthcare providers.
However, breaches in confidentiality can occur when healthcare providers are
This event, described as the ‗most important event in modern history‘, called into being
a new form of state referred to as the nation state. It was based on a set of rules that
were entirely different from those applicable in the colonial motherland at the time that
the colonial émigrés started to settle in the new world. What emerged here was the
concept of the nation as a political entity that was a voluntary association of a people
under a common set of laws and represented by the same government. Connected to
this historical notion of state formation were the aspirations of peoples or nations to
independent statehood in the political and legal sense of the word. This led to the often
interchangeable use of concepts such as ‗nation‘ and ‗state‘ in international law and in
international relations.
The developments in this section provided the foundation for the establishment of a new
international order based on a European balance of power. International law became
the preserve of the European Christian states. Therefore, by the end of this epoch the
new international order reflected European values. Access to this order by foreign
states and overseas possessions was possible only with the consent of the Western
powers and on conditions determined by them.
, The nineteenth century was also the age of the European conferences between the
major powers. These contributed significantly to the development of rules governing the
waging of war and the settlement of disputes. Through a network of international
relations, the application of international law principles expanded and necessitated the
academic study of state practice at institutions of higher learning.
arise regarding whether a third party (e.g., a parent or guardian) should make the decision on the
patient‘s behalf, and whether the legal framework supports such decisions.#### 2.2 **End-of-Life
Decisions and Euthanasia**End-of-life care, particularly decisions regarding euthanasia, brings
about significant ethical and legal debates. While some argue that individuals should have the right
to choose a dignified death through euthanasia or assisted suicide, others believe that these
practices undermine the sanctity of life. Legal systems across the world differ on the matter, with
some countries or states permitting euthanasia, while others forbid it entirely.#### 2.3
**Confidentiality and Privacy**Medical professionals are ethically and legally bound to maintain
patient confidentiality. The principle of confidentiality is critical for building trust between patients
and healthcare providers. However, breaches in confidentiality can occur when healthcare providers
are
The period from 1815 to 1914
This is the period which saw the emergence of colonialism when African states were
regarded as terra nullius. Colonial acquisitions were that while the presence of an
indigenous population in these territories could prevent or limit the acquisition of private
law rights, it could not prevent occupation of the territory for the purpose of asserting
state sovereignty rights. Hence, any inhabited territory that was not the sovereign
territory of a state, or a protectorate of a state, could become the object of occupation.
According to this theory, subjects of international law were only those states that
exercised all rights of sovereignty and performed state functions in the same way as
modern European states did. In Africa, although there were more or less distinct forms
of political organisation, these were not sufficient to make it possible to speak of a real
state. Therefore, they were not subjects of international law and their territory was
ownerless in international law. Any recognised subject of international law could occupy
Africa as terra nullius.
Before World Wars
Before the outbreak of World War I the Hague International Peace Conferences of 1899
and 1907 played a great role in developing international law. Their legacy in the years to
come would feature strongly in three areas of concern for international law – namely,
peaceful settlement of disputes, disarmament, and the law of armed conflict. The Hague
conferences produced the first, landmark codification of international law principles,
inspired by humanitarian and peace concerns, but had no mitigating effect on Britain‘s
scorched earth policy and the use of concentration camps in its war against the Boer
Republics in South Africa (1899–1902). Nor could it prevent the outbreak of World War
