D312 A&P 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2025/2026
Nucleus - Answers - cell's central organelle/largest organelle
- contains the cell's DNA
- control center of the cell because it stores all of the genetic instructions for manufacturing
proteins
nuclear envelope - Answers - two adjacent lipid bilayers with a thin fluid space in between them
and nuclear pores on them
nuclear pores - Answers tiny passageway for the passage of proteins, RNA, and solutes
between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
pore complexes in the nuclear envelope - Answers line the nuclear pores and regulate the
passage of materials into and out of the nucleus.
Nucleoulus - Answers produces ribosomes when the correct RNA is manufactured
Chromatin - Answers a substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins
Histone - Answers proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin
Nucleosome - Answers a single, wrapped DNA-histone complex
Chromosomes - Answers condensed form of chromatin
Proteome - Answers full complement of proteins
Gene - Answers a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to
build a protein
gene expression - Answers dictates the structure and function of a cell by determining which
proteins are made
DNA replication - Answers the copying of DNA that occurs before cell division can take place
DNA replication steps - Answers initiation, elongation, termination
Initiation - Answers The two complementary strands are separated. Special enzymes, untwist
and separate the two strands of DNA
Elongation - Answers Each strand becomes a template along which a new complementary
strand is built. DNA polymerase brings in the correct bases to complement the template strand,
synthesizing a new strand base by base. A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds free
nucleotides to the end of a chain of DNA, making a new double strand. This growing strand
continues to be built until it has fully complemented the template strand.
, Termination - Answers Once the two original strands are bound to their own, finished,
complementary strands, DNA replication is stopped and the two new identical DNA molecules
are complete.
Helicase - Answers enzyme that separates the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA
replication
DNA polymerase - Answers the enzyme that adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA
during DNA replication
Genome - Answers all of an organism's genetic material
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - Answers a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries a copy of the
genetic code for a single gene out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it is used to
produce proteins
Transcription - Answers synthesis of a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the gene of
interest
mRNA initiation - Answers region at the beginning of the gene called a promoter triggers the
start of transcription.
Promoter - Answers a particular sequence of nucleotides
mRNA elongation - Answers Transcription starts when RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA
segment. One strand (coding strand) becomes the template with the genes to be coded. The
polymerase then aligns the correct nucleic acid (A, C, G, or U) with its complementary base on
the coding strand of DNA. RNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds new nucleotides to a
growing strand of RNA. This process builds a strand of mRNA.
mRNA termination - Answers At the end of the gene, a sequence of nucleotides called the
terminator sequence causes the new RNA to fold up on itself. This fold causes the RNA to
separate from the gene and from RNA polymerase, ending transcription.
Translation - Answers the process of synthesizing a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide
Polypeptide - Answers chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
translation translator - Answers the molecule that will conduct the translation
Translation substrates - Answers on which the mRNA strand is translated into a new protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - Answers type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA) - Answers ferries the appropriate corresponding amino acids to the
ribosome and attaches each new amino acid to the last, building the polypeptide chain one-by-
one.
Nucleus - Answers - cell's central organelle/largest organelle
- contains the cell's DNA
- control center of the cell because it stores all of the genetic instructions for manufacturing
proteins
nuclear envelope - Answers - two adjacent lipid bilayers with a thin fluid space in between them
and nuclear pores on them
nuclear pores - Answers tiny passageway for the passage of proteins, RNA, and solutes
between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
pore complexes in the nuclear envelope - Answers line the nuclear pores and regulate the
passage of materials into and out of the nucleus.
Nucleoulus - Answers produces ribosomes when the correct RNA is manufactured
Chromatin - Answers a substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins
Histone - Answers proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin
Nucleosome - Answers a single, wrapped DNA-histone complex
Chromosomes - Answers condensed form of chromatin
Proteome - Answers full complement of proteins
Gene - Answers a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to
build a protein
gene expression - Answers dictates the structure and function of a cell by determining which
proteins are made
DNA replication - Answers the copying of DNA that occurs before cell division can take place
DNA replication steps - Answers initiation, elongation, termination
Initiation - Answers The two complementary strands are separated. Special enzymes, untwist
and separate the two strands of DNA
Elongation - Answers Each strand becomes a template along which a new complementary
strand is built. DNA polymerase brings in the correct bases to complement the template strand,
synthesizing a new strand base by base. A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds free
nucleotides to the end of a chain of DNA, making a new double strand. This growing strand
continues to be built until it has fully complemented the template strand.
, Termination - Answers Once the two original strands are bound to their own, finished,
complementary strands, DNA replication is stopped and the two new identical DNA molecules
are complete.
Helicase - Answers enzyme that separates the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA
replication
DNA polymerase - Answers the enzyme that adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA
during DNA replication
Genome - Answers all of an organism's genetic material
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - Answers a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries a copy of the
genetic code for a single gene out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it is used to
produce proteins
Transcription - Answers synthesis of a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the gene of
interest
mRNA initiation - Answers region at the beginning of the gene called a promoter triggers the
start of transcription.
Promoter - Answers a particular sequence of nucleotides
mRNA elongation - Answers Transcription starts when RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA
segment. One strand (coding strand) becomes the template with the genes to be coded. The
polymerase then aligns the correct nucleic acid (A, C, G, or U) with its complementary base on
the coding strand of DNA. RNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds new nucleotides to a
growing strand of RNA. This process builds a strand of mRNA.
mRNA termination - Answers At the end of the gene, a sequence of nucleotides called the
terminator sequence causes the new RNA to fold up on itself. This fold causes the RNA to
separate from the gene and from RNA polymerase, ending transcription.
Translation - Answers the process of synthesizing a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide
Polypeptide - Answers chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
translation translator - Answers the molecule that will conduct the translation
Translation substrates - Answers on which the mRNA strand is translated into a new protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - Answers type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA) - Answers ferries the appropriate corresponding amino acids to the
ribosome and attaches each new amino acid to the last, building the polypeptide chain one-by-
one.
