Maternal Exam 4 : NUR 231/ NUR231 (Latest Updated summer 2025/26) | Already graded 'A' - Galen College of Nursing

Maternal Exam 4 : NUR 231/ NUR231 (Latest Updated summer 2025/26) | Already graded 'A' - Galen College of Nursing bladder spasm - ANSWER -urgency, pressure, fullness in bladder, bleeding around catheter epididmytitis s/s - ANSWER -19-35 common age slow development (1-2 days) low fever, chills, heavy feeling in infected testicle, increased tenderness/pressure with traction, unilateral pain, severe pain in lower abdomen & pelvis, pain increased with BM epididmytitis medical managment - ANSWER -if associated with STI (antimicrobials), infiltrate spermatic cord to relieve pain if patient is seen within 1st 24 hours of pain onset, decrease physical activity, scrotal support/elevation, ice packs, sitz baths, avoid catheters chronic: will need 4-6 week antibiotic course, epididmyectomy for patients who have recurrent episodes -long term obstruction of sperm passage can lead to infertility epididmytitis nursing managment - ANSWER -bed rest, elevate scrotum, antimicrobials, cold compress, heat/sitz baths, can take 4 weeks to resolve inflammation epididmytitis risk factors - ANSWER -UT surgery, high risk sex, STF history, prostate infection, chronic catheters labs to monitor for epididmytitis - ANSWER -UA, CBC, gram stain of urethral drainage, referral for syphilis/UTI testing testicular torsion - ANSWER -twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis testicular torsion s/s - ANSWER -sudden testicular pain, nausea, lightheadedness, scrotal swelling testicular torsion treatment - ANSWER -manual: try to reduce -- if not emergency surgery is needed to untwist spermatic cord and anchor both testes in correct position (need to do within 6 hours of onset to save testis) testicular cancer risk factors - ANSWER -most common 15-35 y/o, undescended testes, family history, white testicular cancer treatment - ANSWER -unilateral orchidectomy: patient maintains endocrine function (no sexual dysfunction or fertility loss) lymph node dissection: increases risk for ejaculation loss, done after orchidectomy to dx spread sperm bank before: cytotoxic therapy, unilateral testis excision, RPLND, radiation prostate cancer s/s - ANSWER -early (few): frequency, urgency, nocturia, hematuria, dysuria, dribbling, incontinence prostate cancer dx - ANSWER -DRE, US, US guided TRUS with biopsy, PSA levels, CT/MRI, bone scans (lower lumbar spine), FNA biopsy 3 causes of kidney damage - ANSWER -pre-renal: blood flow and perfusion to kidneys bad (shock, hemorrhage, blood clot, stricture) intra-renal: direct damage to kidneys (Ibuprofen, CT contrast, poison, tumors, direct trauma) Post-renal: after kidneys (back flow up -- complicated UTI) Causes of lower UTI - ANSWER -bacteria urethrovesical reflux (black flow from urethra to bladder) uterovesical/vesicouretal reflux (urine backflow to ureters due to Valve impairment) - bacteria can reach the kidneys UTI risk factors - ANSWER -female, DM, pregnant, neuro disorders, gout, immunosuppression, obstructed urine flow, incomplete bladder emptying uncomplicated uti s/s - ANSWER -burning, frequency ( q3 hours), nocturia, incontinence, suprapubic pelvic pain, hematuria, back pain complicated uti s/s - ANSWER -asymptomatic, gram - sepsis with shock, urosepsis elderly symptoms of UTI - ANSWER -lack typical symptoms alt. LOC, anorexia, new incontinence hyperventilation and low grade fever most common DX of UTI - ANSWER -clean catch UA, microscopic hematuria (about 50% of px), pyuria in all patients, multiple test dip stick, CT/US, cytourethroscopy, cystoscopy UA interpretation - ANSWER -look at leukocyte esterase, nitrates, bacteria, WBCs how often to empty indwelling catheter bag - ANSWER -@ least q8 hours