NUR 445 Exam 4
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1. What are the four different types of burns?: 1. Thermal
2. Chemical
3. Electrical
4. Radiation
2. Describe thermal burns.: Result of flash, scald, or contact with hot objects and flames. Associated
accelerant use (gasses) can increase severity of burn and inhalation injury due to added chemical insult.
3. What are the common causes of thermal burns?: House fires, car fires, cooking accidents,
injury from smoking.
Note: Contact burns are thermal in nature and associated with cooking and heating accidents, scald injuries are most
prevalent among the young and associated with accidents or abuse
4. Describe electrical burns.: Can result in a wide spectrum of injuries from mild to lethal, majority are
work related
5. Describe chemical burns.: Three subclasses include acids, alkaline, and organic compounds, both injury
and household
6. Describe radiation burns.: Least common type of burn injury, severity of complications depend on type,
dose, and length of exposure.
7. What are the some cause of radiation burns?: Often associated with industry of ionizing
radiation, nuclear accidents, and therapeutic radiation treatment. Sunburn is also considered radiation by UV radiation.
8. Burn Depth: Describe the superficial layer.: Only affect epidermal layer of skin
Note: Sunburn is the most common type.
9. What are the characteristics of the superficial layer?: Mild erythema and hypersensitivity,
typically resolve in 24-72 hours. Heal quickly and typically do not require medical intervention or admission to a burn
center, don't usually result in scarring.
10. Burn Depth: Describe the superficial partial thickness layer.: Involves epidermis and
the superficial/minimal layers of dermis, exposed nerve endings in the dermal later often make these burns painful.
11. What are the characteristics of the partial thickness layer?: Wet, weeping blisters and
pink in color, capillary refill time on open areas of blisters remain normal, patient is sensitive to touch and air currents
when the wound is exposed. Heals in 1-2 weeks with minimal to no scarring.
12. Burn Depth: Describe deep partial thickness layer.: Involves epidermis and extends into
deeper portions of bottom layers of dermis
, NUR 445 Exam 4
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13. Describe the characteristics of deep partial thickness layer.: Appear waxy and do not
have weeping blisters, light pink or cherry red, capillary refill is decreased or absent, patient reports varying areas of
pain and decreased sensation
14. Burn Depth: Describe the full-thickness layer.: Muscle and bone involvement.
15. Describe the rule of palms.: Size of hand, including fingers is 1% TBSA, useful for very small and/or
very large burns, scattered burns, and in mass casualty situations where time is of the essence
16. Describe the rule of nines.: Most commonly used in pre-hospital setting, body surface areas broken
into percentages and is modified for infants and children, concern is that all people have the same distribution of body
surface area percentages.
17. Describe the Lund and Browder classification.: In hospital setting and majority of burn
centers, most widely accepted and accurate method. Measurements take into account surface area related to age and
are assigned to each body part
18. Describe the fluid replacement formula (Parkland): 2-4ml/hr x TBSA x weight in kgs =
Total fluid resuscitation in the first 24 hours
Remember: 50% needs to be infused in first 8 hours. The remaining 50% over the next 16 hours.
19. Concentric Zones: Describe coagulation.: Area that had most contact with heat source and
location of most severe damage
20. Concentric Zones: Describe stasis.: Immediately surrounds zone of coagulation and characterized
by damaged cells and impaired circulation
21. Concentric Zones: Describe hyperemia.: Outermost area with area of increased blood flow in
an effort to bring nutrients for tissue recovery.
22. Describe inhalation injury.: Can exist without cutaneous burn present, increases mortality rate r/t
development of pneumonia or hypoxia and requires lengthy ventilatory support s/s- edema around nose and mouth
and soot in nares.
23. What are some clinical manifestations of inhalation injury? (9 manifesta-
tions): - Facial burns
- Singed nasal and facial hairs
- Carbonaceous sputum (soot), hypersecretion
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gvjsfo
1. What are the four different types of burns?: 1. Thermal
2. Chemical
3. Electrical
4. Radiation
2. Describe thermal burns.: Result of flash, scald, or contact with hot objects and flames. Associated
accelerant use (gasses) can increase severity of burn and inhalation injury due to added chemical insult.
3. What are the common causes of thermal burns?: House fires, car fires, cooking accidents,
injury from smoking.
Note: Contact burns are thermal in nature and associated with cooking and heating accidents, scald injuries are most
prevalent among the young and associated with accidents or abuse
4. Describe electrical burns.: Can result in a wide spectrum of injuries from mild to lethal, majority are
work related
5. Describe chemical burns.: Three subclasses include acids, alkaline, and organic compounds, both injury
and household
6. Describe radiation burns.: Least common type of burn injury, severity of complications depend on type,
dose, and length of exposure.
7. What are the some cause of radiation burns?: Often associated with industry of ionizing
radiation, nuclear accidents, and therapeutic radiation treatment. Sunburn is also considered radiation by UV radiation.
8. Burn Depth: Describe the superficial layer.: Only affect epidermal layer of skin
Note: Sunburn is the most common type.
9. What are the characteristics of the superficial layer?: Mild erythema and hypersensitivity,
typically resolve in 24-72 hours. Heal quickly and typically do not require medical intervention or admission to a burn
center, don't usually result in scarring.
10. Burn Depth: Describe the superficial partial thickness layer.: Involves epidermis and
the superficial/minimal layers of dermis, exposed nerve endings in the dermal later often make these burns painful.
11. What are the characteristics of the partial thickness layer?: Wet, weeping blisters and
pink in color, capillary refill time on open areas of blisters remain normal, patient is sensitive to touch and air currents
when the wound is exposed. Heals in 1-2 weeks with minimal to no scarring.
12. Burn Depth: Describe deep partial thickness layer.: Involves epidermis and extends into
deeper portions of bottom layers of dermis
, NUR 445 Exam 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gvjsfo
13. Describe the characteristics of deep partial thickness layer.: Appear waxy and do not
have weeping blisters, light pink or cherry red, capillary refill is decreased or absent, patient reports varying areas of
pain and decreased sensation
14. Burn Depth: Describe the full-thickness layer.: Muscle and bone involvement.
15. Describe the rule of palms.: Size of hand, including fingers is 1% TBSA, useful for very small and/or
very large burns, scattered burns, and in mass casualty situations where time is of the essence
16. Describe the rule of nines.: Most commonly used in pre-hospital setting, body surface areas broken
into percentages and is modified for infants and children, concern is that all people have the same distribution of body
surface area percentages.
17. Describe the Lund and Browder classification.: In hospital setting and majority of burn
centers, most widely accepted and accurate method. Measurements take into account surface area related to age and
are assigned to each body part
18. Describe the fluid replacement formula (Parkland): 2-4ml/hr x TBSA x weight in kgs =
Total fluid resuscitation in the first 24 hours
Remember: 50% needs to be infused in first 8 hours. The remaining 50% over the next 16 hours.
19. Concentric Zones: Describe coagulation.: Area that had most contact with heat source and
location of most severe damage
20. Concentric Zones: Describe stasis.: Immediately surrounds zone of coagulation and characterized
by damaged cells and impaired circulation
21. Concentric Zones: Describe hyperemia.: Outermost area with area of increased blood flow in
an effort to bring nutrients for tissue recovery.
22. Describe inhalation injury.: Can exist without cutaneous burn present, increases mortality rate r/t
development of pneumonia or hypoxia and requires lengthy ventilatory support s/s- edema around nose and mouth
and soot in nares.
23. What are some clinical manifestations of inhalation injury? (9 manifesta-
tions): - Facial burns
- Singed nasal and facial hairs
- Carbonaceous sputum (soot), hypersecretion
