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1. Define contingency shaped behaviour and give an example - ANSWER
Behaviour that develops because of its immediate consequences is called
contingency-shaped behaviour.
For example touching a hot stove and having the immediate consequence of a
burn makes the behaviour of touching the stove unlikely to occur again.
2. Define rule governed behaviour and give an example - ANSWER
Behaviour that is controlled by the statement of a rule.
For example if the entire hockey team quietly listens to the coach during
practice, they will receive an extra five minutes of scrimmage time at the end
of the practice.
3. Distinguish between rules that are often effective versus rules that are often
weak or ineffective in controlling behaviour. - ANSWER - A rule that
describes specific circumstances in which the behaviour should occur is
more likely to be followed than a rule that describes the circumstances
vaguely or not at all.
- Rules are likely to be followed if they identify behaviour for which the
consequence are highly probable even though they might be delayed.
- Rules that describe sizeable consequences are likely to be effective.
, - Rules that describe specific circumstances and deadlines for specific
behaviours that will lead to sizeable and probable outcomes are often
effective even when the outcomes are delayed.
4. Briefly list six of the eight conditions that summarize effective versus
ineffective goal setting as a behaviour modification strategy: - ANSWER
1. Specific goals are more effective than vague goals
2. Goals with respect to learning specific skills should include mastery criteria
3. Goals should identify the circumstances under which the desirable
behaviour should occur
4. Realistic, challenging goals are more effective than do-your-best goals
5. Public goals are more effective than private goals
6. Goal setting is more effective if deadlines are included
5. What is a mastery criterion? Describe an example that is not in this chapter
- ANSWER A specific guideline for performing a skill so that if the
guideline is met, the skill is likely to be mastered.
For example, executing 3 smashes per set in badminton.
6. What do the authors mean by commitment to the context of goal setting? -
ANSWER The learner will work toward it, and the learner recognizes the
benefits of doing so.
7. List four strategies that you might follow to influence the effectiveness of
modeling as a behaviour modification technique. - ANSWER - Arrange