Second Grammar Midterm
Fecha: 6-11
Verbs
A verb shows an action (run), a feeling (love), or a state (live).
Tenses show when something happens: past, present, future.
Each tense has aspects: simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous.
Forms: imperative, gerund, infinitive, subjunctive.
Mood: positive, negative, or question.
Voice: active or passive.
Present Tenses
Verb “be”
Uses: to describe people, jobs, qualities, opinions, place, time.
Forms:
● Positive: I am, You are, She is.
● Negative: I’m not, He isn’t, We aren’t.
● Questions: Are you…?
Verb “have / have got”
Both mean the same (to show possession, relationships, illness, etc.).
Difference: “Have got” is not used for past or future tenses.
“Have” can also describe actions: have breakfast, have a shower.
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, Present Simple
Form: Subject + base verb (+s/es for he/she/it).
Uses:
● Facts and permanent situations.
● Habits and routines.
● Likes, dislikes, opinions.
● To describe books, films, sports commentary.
Present Continuous
Form: be + verb -ing. (I’m eating, She’s reading.)
Uses:
● Actions happening now or around now.
● Temporary situations.
● Things that are changing.
● To describe what’s happening in pictures.
Present Simple vs Continuous
Simple: permanent, regular, general truth.
Continuous: temporary, happening now, changing.
State verbs (know, like, believe, seem, etc.) are not used in continuous, unless the
meaning changes (e.g. I’m seeing my friends = meeting).
Past Tenses
Past Simple
Form: regular (-ed) or irregular (go → went).
Uses: completed past actions, repeated or series of actions, finished situations.
Often with time expressions (yesterday, ago, last week, etc.).
Past Continuous
Form: was/were + verb -ing.
Uses:
● Actions happening at a moment in the past.
● Two actions happening at the same time.
● Interrupted actions: I was reading when he called.
● Background situations in stories.
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Fecha: 6-11
Verbs
A verb shows an action (run), a feeling (love), or a state (live).
Tenses show when something happens: past, present, future.
Each tense has aspects: simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous.
Forms: imperative, gerund, infinitive, subjunctive.
Mood: positive, negative, or question.
Voice: active or passive.
Present Tenses
Verb “be”
Uses: to describe people, jobs, qualities, opinions, place, time.
Forms:
● Positive: I am, You are, She is.
● Negative: I’m not, He isn’t, We aren’t.
● Questions: Are you…?
Verb “have / have got”
Both mean the same (to show possession, relationships, illness, etc.).
Difference: “Have got” is not used for past or future tenses.
“Have” can also describe actions: have breakfast, have a shower.
1
, Present Simple
Form: Subject + base verb (+s/es for he/she/it).
Uses:
● Facts and permanent situations.
● Habits and routines.
● Likes, dislikes, opinions.
● To describe books, films, sports commentary.
Present Continuous
Form: be + verb -ing. (I’m eating, She’s reading.)
Uses:
● Actions happening now or around now.
● Temporary situations.
● Things that are changing.
● To describe what’s happening in pictures.
Present Simple vs Continuous
Simple: permanent, regular, general truth.
Continuous: temporary, happening now, changing.
State verbs (know, like, believe, seem, etc.) are not used in continuous, unless the
meaning changes (e.g. I’m seeing my friends = meeting).
Past Tenses
Past Simple
Form: regular (-ed) or irregular (go → went).
Uses: completed past actions, repeated or series of actions, finished situations.
Often with time expressions (yesterday, ago, last week, etc.).
Past Continuous
Form: was/were + verb -ing.
Uses:
● Actions happening at a moment in the past.
● Two actions happening at the same time.
● Interrupted actions: I was reading when he called.
● Background situations in stories.
2
