ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 MEDICINE
CARDIOLOGY COURSE 2025/2026 | VERIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ | CARDIAC
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY & CLINICAL APPLICATION STUDY
GUIDE | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between cell
necrosis and apoptosis?
a. Apoptosis is a more rapid process.
b. Apoptosis is usually initiated by ischemia-induced cell injury.
c. Apoptosis is genetically controlled.
d. Apoptosis characteristically involves rupture of the cell membrane. -
CORRECT ANSWER - -C
You are a nurse practitioner working in an outpatient clinic. Your patient's
echocardiogram shows moderate aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve).
You know that the stenotic valve creates an increased resistance against which
the left ventricle contracts. The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the
left ventricle is which of the following?
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. hyperplasia
d. metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - -B
Select the condition that is an example of physiologic hyperplasia.
a. breast enlargement during puberty
b. endometrial hyperplasia from excessive estrogen stimulation
c. prostatic hyperplasia occurring as men age
d. none of the above are physiologic - CORRECT ANSWER - -A
,Your patient has a long history of mitral stenosis (narrowing of the mitral
valve). As the years go by, the left atrium, which contracts against the increased
resistance of the stenotic valve, begins to fail--and output from the left ventricle
begins to decline. If the left ventricle were to undergo adaptation, what would it
most likely be?
a. atrophy.
b. hypertrophy.
c. hyperplasia.
d. metaplasia. - CORRECT ANSWER - -A
Which of the following is not characteristic of cellular dysplasia?
a. variation in size and shape of cells
b. small, pale nuclei
c. disorderly arrangement of cells
d. preneoplastic change - CORRECT ANSWER - -B
If a normal individual began to take cortisol 100 mgs. every day as a
medication, which of the following would result?
a. hypertrophy of the adrenal gland
b. hyperplasia of the adrenal gland
c. atrophy of the adrenal gland
d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adrenal gland - CORRECT ANSWER -
-C
If a normal individual began to take thyroid hormone 100 mcgs. every day as a
medication, which of the following would result?
a. hypertrophy of the thyroid gland
b. hyperplasia of the thyroid gland
c. atrophy of the thyroid gland
,d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland - CORRECT ANSWER -
-B
Chronic alcoholism can result in the development of a fatty liver because it
results in which of the following?
a. increased production of free fatty acids
b. increased conversion of free fatty acids to triglycerides
c. decreased oxidation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids
d. decreased binding of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids to
apoproteins - CORRECT ANSWER - -A
Which of the following is the primary difference between wet and dry
gangrene?
a. Infection and inflammation are present in wet gangrene.
b. Wet gangrene results from arterial occlusion and dry gangrene from venous
stasis.
c. Dry gangrene involves the presence of Clostridium perfringens.
d. Wet gangrene occurs only in internal organs. - CORRECT ANSWER - -E
Which of the following components is not involved in apoptosis?
a. Bcl-2
b. apaf-1
c. caspase 9
d. cytochrome c
e. HLA 2 - CORRECT ANSWER - -E
Some cancer-causing viruses are able to protect the cells that they transform
from undergoing apoptosis by interfering with the action of the apoptosis
promoter called:
a. TNF-alpha.
, b. Fas.
c. p53.
d. IL-2.
e. INF-beta. - CORRECT ANSWER - -C
Which of the following diseases is thought to be related to free radical damage?
a. osteoarthritis
b. detached retina
c. cerebral aneurysm
d. cancer - CORRECT ANSWER - -D
Which of the following enzymes, released from dying cells, may indicate
problems in the liver?
a. alanine aminotransferase
b. aspartate aminotransferase c. alkaline phosphatase
d. all of the above
e. none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER - -D
Researchers hypothesize that the disappearance of dopamine-generating cells in
the midbrain in Parkinson's Disease may be related to oxidative stress due to a
decrease in the amount of glutathione in the midbrain. The best explanation for
this theory is which of the following?
a. DNA synthesis requires glutathione for optimal development.
b. Dopamine synthesis requires glutathione to prevent free radical production.
c. Free radicals produced via dopamine synthesis are neutralized by glutathione.
d. Glutathione is needed for entry of dopamine into the cerebral circulation. -
CORRECT ANSWER - -C
Which of the following is(are) true regarding aging?
CARDIOLOGY COURSE 2025/2026 | VERIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ | CARDIAC
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY & CLINICAL APPLICATION STUDY
GUIDE | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between cell
necrosis and apoptosis?
a. Apoptosis is a more rapid process.
b. Apoptosis is usually initiated by ischemia-induced cell injury.
c. Apoptosis is genetically controlled.
d. Apoptosis characteristically involves rupture of the cell membrane. -
CORRECT ANSWER - -C
You are a nurse practitioner working in an outpatient clinic. Your patient's
echocardiogram shows moderate aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve).
You know that the stenotic valve creates an increased resistance against which
the left ventricle contracts. The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the
left ventricle is which of the following?
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. hyperplasia
d. metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - -B
Select the condition that is an example of physiologic hyperplasia.
a. breast enlargement during puberty
b. endometrial hyperplasia from excessive estrogen stimulation
c. prostatic hyperplasia occurring as men age
d. none of the above are physiologic - CORRECT ANSWER - -A
,Your patient has a long history of mitral stenosis (narrowing of the mitral
valve). As the years go by, the left atrium, which contracts against the increased
resistance of the stenotic valve, begins to fail--and output from the left ventricle
begins to decline. If the left ventricle were to undergo adaptation, what would it
most likely be?
a. atrophy.
b. hypertrophy.
c. hyperplasia.
d. metaplasia. - CORRECT ANSWER - -A
Which of the following is not characteristic of cellular dysplasia?
a. variation in size and shape of cells
b. small, pale nuclei
c. disorderly arrangement of cells
d. preneoplastic change - CORRECT ANSWER - -B
If a normal individual began to take cortisol 100 mgs. every day as a
medication, which of the following would result?
a. hypertrophy of the adrenal gland
b. hyperplasia of the adrenal gland
c. atrophy of the adrenal gland
d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adrenal gland - CORRECT ANSWER -
-C
If a normal individual began to take thyroid hormone 100 mcgs. every day as a
medication, which of the following would result?
a. hypertrophy of the thyroid gland
b. hyperplasia of the thyroid gland
c. atrophy of the thyroid gland
,d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland - CORRECT ANSWER -
-B
Chronic alcoholism can result in the development of a fatty liver because it
results in which of the following?
a. increased production of free fatty acids
b. increased conversion of free fatty acids to triglycerides
c. decreased oxidation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids
d. decreased binding of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids to
apoproteins - CORRECT ANSWER - -A
Which of the following is the primary difference between wet and dry
gangrene?
a. Infection and inflammation are present in wet gangrene.
b. Wet gangrene results from arterial occlusion and dry gangrene from venous
stasis.
c. Dry gangrene involves the presence of Clostridium perfringens.
d. Wet gangrene occurs only in internal organs. - CORRECT ANSWER - -E
Which of the following components is not involved in apoptosis?
a. Bcl-2
b. apaf-1
c. caspase 9
d. cytochrome c
e. HLA 2 - CORRECT ANSWER - -E
Some cancer-causing viruses are able to protect the cells that they transform
from undergoing apoptosis by interfering with the action of the apoptosis
promoter called:
a. TNF-alpha.
, b. Fas.
c. p53.
d. IL-2.
e. INF-beta. - CORRECT ANSWER - -C
Which of the following diseases is thought to be related to free radical damage?
a. osteoarthritis
b. detached retina
c. cerebral aneurysm
d. cancer - CORRECT ANSWER - -D
Which of the following enzymes, released from dying cells, may indicate
problems in the liver?
a. alanine aminotransferase
b. aspartate aminotransferase c. alkaline phosphatase
d. all of the above
e. none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER - -D
Researchers hypothesize that the disappearance of dopamine-generating cells in
the midbrain in Parkinson's Disease may be related to oxidative stress due to a
decrease in the amount of glutathione in the midbrain. The best explanation for
this theory is which of the following?
a. DNA synthesis requires glutathione for optimal development.
b. Dopamine synthesis requires glutathione to prevent free radical production.
c. Free radicals produced via dopamine synthesis are neutralized by glutathione.
d. Glutathione is needed for entry of dopamine into the cerebral circulation. -
CORRECT ANSWER - -C
Which of the following is(are) true regarding aging?
