NU 545 UNIT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST SOUTH ALABAMA
What is metabolic absorption? - (ANSWER)The uptake and use of nutrients and other substances from
the cells surrounds (pg. 3).
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction? - (ANSWER)Peroxisomes contain
enzymes to use o2 to remove H atoms. This produces hydrogen peroixide. (pg 8)
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion? - (ANSWER)Lysosomes aid in
cellular digestion, seen as "trash cans and recycling agents" "as cells complete their life span and die,
lysosomes digest...the debris... Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion are called
autolysosomes or autophagomes (pg 7-8).
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? - (ANSWER)The nucleus contains the Nucleolus, a small
dense structure composed of RNA, DNA, DNA protein. Pg 3.
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? - (ANSWER)"The main components of cell
membranes are lipids and proteins. The basic structure of cell membranes is the lipid bilayer..." pg 12
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? - (ANSWER)Diffusion is the movement of a solute
molecule from and area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. (pg.
29). Active transport of K+ and Na+ requires a Sodium-Potassium Pump (pg. 31).
How is the cell protected from injury? - (ANSWER)Plasma membrane pg 12 table 1.1 (functions of
membrane).
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes? - (ANSWER)causes a decrease in
membrane fluidity and affects the cells' ability to transport oxygen
What is platelet-derived growth factor? - (ANSWER)PDGF stimulates proliferation of connective tissue
cells and neuroglial cells. Can help with creating blood clots. Pg 38.
What is cell communication? How does it occur? - (ANSWER)Cells need to communicate w/ each other
to maintain a stable internal environment, or homeostasis; to regulate growth and division... it is done
,NU 545 UNIT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST SOUTH ALABAMA
by 3 main ways. 1) they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the
cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact. 2) they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell
and the signal molecule has to enter the cell to bind w/ them. 3) they form protein channels that directly
coordinate the activities of the adjacent cells. Pg 19.
What is chemical signaling? - (ANSWER)Primary means of cell-to-cell communication. 5 forms of
signaling mediated by secreted molecules: (1) Contact-dependent signaling requires cells to be in close
membrane-membrane contact; (2) Paracrine signaling- cells secrete local chemical mediators that are
quickly absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized; (3) Autocrine signaling- cells produce signals that they,
themselves, respond to (cancer cells); (4) Hormonal signaling involves specialized endocrine cells that
secrete chemicals called hormones (TSH). Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel through
the tissue and through the bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells; (5) Neurohormonal
signaling- hormones are released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons. (p.19)
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? - (ANSWER)Pancreatic cells secrete and release
insulin to signal muscle cells to absorb sugar from the blood for energy. (p.3)
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across plasma membranes - (ANSWER)The Na+
-K+ antiport system (Na+ moving out of the cell and K+ moving into the cell) uses the direct energy of
ATP to move these cations. The transporter protein is the enzyme adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase).
Approximately 60% to 70% of the ATP synthesized by cells is used to maintain the Na+-K+ transport
system. 1, three Na+ ions bind to sodium- binding sites on the carrier's interface. 2, at the same time, an
energy- containing adenosine triphosphate molecule produced by the cell's mitochondria bind to the
carrier. The ATP disassociates, transferring its stored energy to the carrier. 3 and 4, the carrier then
changes shape, releases the three Na+ ions to the outside of the cell, and attracts two potassium ions to
its potassium- binding site. 5, the carrier then returns to its original shape, releasing the two K+ ions and
the remnant of the ATP molecule to the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for another pumping
cycle (p.31)
What is active transport? - (ANSWER)requires life, biologic activity, and the cell's expenditure of
metabolic energy. Unlike passive transport, active transport occurs across only living membranes that
have to drive the flow "uphill" by coupling it to an energy source (p. 28)
What are cytokines? - (ANSWER)Growth factor, also called cytokines, stimulate an increase in cell mass
or cell growth by promoting the synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules and inhibiting their
degradation (p. 38)
, NU 545 UNIT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST SOUTH ALABAMA
Cytokines constitute a large family of small-molecular-weight soluble intracellular-signaling molecules
that are secreted, bind to a specific cell membrane receptors, and regulate innate or adaptive immunity;
either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Majority of important cytokines are classified as
interleukins or interferons (p. 201)
Do all cells continue to replicate and divide? - (ANSWER)No. For example, most of the neurons and
skeletal muscle cells are in a terminally differentiated G0 state; with their cell cycle control system
disassembled, the molecular regulatory switches become permanently turned off and cell division rarely
occurs (p. 37)
When normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining are replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells, the process is called? - (ANSWER)Bronchial metaplasia (p. 49)
What is the relation between ischemia and ATP? - (ANSWER)An anaerobic (without oxygen) metabolic
pathway can synthesize ATP. This process called substrate phosphorylation, or anaerobic glycolysis, is
linked to the breakdown (glycolysis) of carbohydrates.... The reactions in anaerobic glycolysis involve the
conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) with the simultaneous production of ATP. If oxygen is
absent, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which is released into the extracellular fluid. Elevated lactate
level is indicative of tissue hypoxia or low oxygen concentration (pp.26 & 27)....As lactic acid increases,
oxygen decreases (hypoxia), cell tissues...this is reversible if oxygen is reintroduced...
When does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling? - (ANSWER)A reduction in ATP levels causes the
plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump (Na+-K+) and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which
leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium, resulting in cellular swelling and diffusion
of potassium out of the cell (p. 51)
Cellular swelling, the most common degenerative change, is caused by the shift of extracellular water
into the cell. In hypoxic injury, movement of fluid and ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of
metabolism and loss of ATP production. Normally, the pump that transports sodium ions (Na+) out of
the cell is maintained by the presence of ATP in adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase), the active transport
enzyme. In metabolic failure caused by hypoxia, reduced levels of ATP and ATPase permit sodium to
accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium (K+) diffuses outward. The increase of intracellular sodium
concentration increases osmotic pressure, which draws more water into the cell. The cisternae of the
endoplasmic reticulum become distended, rupture, and coalesce to form large vacuoles that isolate the
water from the cytoplasm, a process called vacuolation. Progressive vacuolation results in cytoplasmic
swelling called oncosis or vacuolar degeneration. If cellular swelling affects all cells in an organ, the
organ increases in weight and becomes distended and pale. Cellular swelling is reversible and an early
manifestation of almost all types of cellular injury (p.84)
What is metabolic absorption? - (ANSWER)The uptake and use of nutrients and other substances from
the cells surrounds (pg. 3).
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction? - (ANSWER)Peroxisomes contain
enzymes to use o2 to remove H atoms. This produces hydrogen peroixide. (pg 8)
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion? - (ANSWER)Lysosomes aid in
cellular digestion, seen as "trash cans and recycling agents" "as cells complete their life span and die,
lysosomes digest...the debris... Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion are called
autolysosomes or autophagomes (pg 7-8).
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? - (ANSWER)The nucleus contains the Nucleolus, a small
dense structure composed of RNA, DNA, DNA protein. Pg 3.
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? - (ANSWER)"The main components of cell
membranes are lipids and proteins. The basic structure of cell membranes is the lipid bilayer..." pg 12
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? - (ANSWER)Diffusion is the movement of a solute
molecule from and area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. (pg.
29). Active transport of K+ and Na+ requires a Sodium-Potassium Pump (pg. 31).
How is the cell protected from injury? - (ANSWER)Plasma membrane pg 12 table 1.1 (functions of
membrane).
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes? - (ANSWER)causes a decrease in
membrane fluidity and affects the cells' ability to transport oxygen
What is platelet-derived growth factor? - (ANSWER)PDGF stimulates proliferation of connective tissue
cells and neuroglial cells. Can help with creating blood clots. Pg 38.
What is cell communication? How does it occur? - (ANSWER)Cells need to communicate w/ each other
to maintain a stable internal environment, or homeostasis; to regulate growth and division... it is done
,NU 545 UNIT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST SOUTH ALABAMA
by 3 main ways. 1) they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the
cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact. 2) they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell
and the signal molecule has to enter the cell to bind w/ them. 3) they form protein channels that directly
coordinate the activities of the adjacent cells. Pg 19.
What is chemical signaling? - (ANSWER)Primary means of cell-to-cell communication. 5 forms of
signaling mediated by secreted molecules: (1) Contact-dependent signaling requires cells to be in close
membrane-membrane contact; (2) Paracrine signaling- cells secrete local chemical mediators that are
quickly absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized; (3) Autocrine signaling- cells produce signals that they,
themselves, respond to (cancer cells); (4) Hormonal signaling involves specialized endocrine cells that
secrete chemicals called hormones (TSH). Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel through
the tissue and through the bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells; (5) Neurohormonal
signaling- hormones are released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons. (p.19)
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? - (ANSWER)Pancreatic cells secrete and release
insulin to signal muscle cells to absorb sugar from the blood for energy. (p.3)
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across plasma membranes - (ANSWER)The Na+
-K+ antiport system (Na+ moving out of the cell and K+ moving into the cell) uses the direct energy of
ATP to move these cations. The transporter protein is the enzyme adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase).
Approximately 60% to 70% of the ATP synthesized by cells is used to maintain the Na+-K+ transport
system. 1, three Na+ ions bind to sodium- binding sites on the carrier's interface. 2, at the same time, an
energy- containing adenosine triphosphate molecule produced by the cell's mitochondria bind to the
carrier. The ATP disassociates, transferring its stored energy to the carrier. 3 and 4, the carrier then
changes shape, releases the three Na+ ions to the outside of the cell, and attracts two potassium ions to
its potassium- binding site. 5, the carrier then returns to its original shape, releasing the two K+ ions and
the remnant of the ATP molecule to the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for another pumping
cycle (p.31)
What is active transport? - (ANSWER)requires life, biologic activity, and the cell's expenditure of
metabolic energy. Unlike passive transport, active transport occurs across only living membranes that
have to drive the flow "uphill" by coupling it to an energy source (p. 28)
What are cytokines? - (ANSWER)Growth factor, also called cytokines, stimulate an increase in cell mass
or cell growth by promoting the synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules and inhibiting their
degradation (p. 38)
, NU 545 UNIT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST SOUTH ALABAMA
Cytokines constitute a large family of small-molecular-weight soluble intracellular-signaling molecules
that are secreted, bind to a specific cell membrane receptors, and regulate innate or adaptive immunity;
either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Majority of important cytokines are classified as
interleukins or interferons (p. 201)
Do all cells continue to replicate and divide? - (ANSWER)No. For example, most of the neurons and
skeletal muscle cells are in a terminally differentiated G0 state; with their cell cycle control system
disassembled, the molecular regulatory switches become permanently turned off and cell division rarely
occurs (p. 37)
When normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining are replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells, the process is called? - (ANSWER)Bronchial metaplasia (p. 49)
What is the relation between ischemia and ATP? - (ANSWER)An anaerobic (without oxygen) metabolic
pathway can synthesize ATP. This process called substrate phosphorylation, or anaerobic glycolysis, is
linked to the breakdown (glycolysis) of carbohydrates.... The reactions in anaerobic glycolysis involve the
conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) with the simultaneous production of ATP. If oxygen is
absent, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which is released into the extracellular fluid. Elevated lactate
level is indicative of tissue hypoxia or low oxygen concentration (pp.26 & 27)....As lactic acid increases,
oxygen decreases (hypoxia), cell tissues...this is reversible if oxygen is reintroduced...
When does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling? - (ANSWER)A reduction in ATP levels causes the
plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump (Na+-K+) and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which
leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium, resulting in cellular swelling and diffusion
of potassium out of the cell (p. 51)
Cellular swelling, the most common degenerative change, is caused by the shift of extracellular water
into the cell. In hypoxic injury, movement of fluid and ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of
metabolism and loss of ATP production. Normally, the pump that transports sodium ions (Na+) out of
the cell is maintained by the presence of ATP in adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase), the active transport
enzyme. In metabolic failure caused by hypoxia, reduced levels of ATP and ATPase permit sodium to
accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium (K+) diffuses outward. The increase of intracellular sodium
concentration increases osmotic pressure, which draws more water into the cell. The cisternae of the
endoplasmic reticulum become distended, rupture, and coalesce to form large vacuoles that isolate the
water from the cytoplasm, a process called vacuolation. Progressive vacuolation results in cytoplasmic
swelling called oncosis or vacuolar degeneration. If cellular swelling affects all cells in an organ, the
organ increases in weight and becomes distended and pale. Cellular swelling is reversible and an early
manifestation of almost all types of cellular injury (p.84)
