Ap bio
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7e5aeh
1. What type of bio molecule are enzymes?: proteins
2. What is the monomer of a protein?: amino acid
3. what is the most important thing about an enzyme?: shape
4. an enzyme has to have the right ____________ in order to do it's job: shape
5. how would the function of this enzyme be affected if a mutation led to a
negatively charged amino acid being in that location? explain: a negatively charged
amino acid (R group) would likely prevent the enzyme from functioning, The positive charge would probably disrupt
the shape of the enzymes active site, preventing binding of the substrate.
6. how would the function of this enzyme be affected if a mutation led to a dif-
ferent, but also positively charged amino acid being in that location? explain: it
is possible that the substitution of a different but also positively charged R groups, would not impact the shape or
function of the enzyme. The charge has not changed, so the protein is likely to fold properly, and interact with the
substrate in the same way
7. what is the "activation energy" of a reaction: the amount of energy required to make a chemica
reaction happen.
8. what would happen to the reaction rate if you did not have the scissors and
we're breaking the straw by hand?: The reaction rate speed would lower because without the enzyme
(scissors) it would take a lot of energy to break down the straw in half, therefore take a long time to break each one-
slowing down the reaction rate( number of straw per second) with the enzyme reaction rate is faster
9. how does denaturation impact the enzyme's ability to catalyze this reac-
tion?explain: when the enzyme becomes denatured the substrate can no longer bind to the active site. It is the
wrong shape. if the substrate can't bind, the reaction can't happen.
10. a ph of 2 is _____ times as acidic as a PH of 3: 10
11. A pH 2 is _________ times more acidic than pH 4: 100
12. why/how do acids and bases (outside of optimum) denature enzymes?: acids
contain +H ion whole base carry -OH ions. These charges acts to pull and tug on the R groups of the proteins amino
acids, disrupting their relationship with each other and pulling them out of shape
13. competitive inhibitor: competes with substrate for active site
14. noncompetitive inhibitor: attach to a different location, but result in a shape change, so that the
substrate will no longer fit the active site
15. explain why free energy is necessary to living things: the 2nd law of thermodynamics is
the idea that all systems (including organisms) move from order, to disorder increasing entropy. The input of energy
1/5
, Ap bio
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7e5aeh
is necessary in order to prevent disorder from leading to death. energy is needed to maintain homeostasis, the stable
internal environment despite entropy
16. what happens when organisms get less free energy that is required to stay
alive?: it dies. if an organism is spending more energy maintaining homeostasis than it consumes, the organism
dies.
17. What is the first law of thermodynamics?: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it
cannot be created or destroyed.
18. What is the second law of thermodynamics?: the process of converting energy from one form
to another entropy of the system increases
19. what process burns glucose to release energy: cellular respiration
20. this release of energy can be coupled with cellular process that require
energy: formation of ATP
21. the earth gets a constant supply of energy from: the sun
22. what do plants do with free energy: convert to chemical energy- glucose
23. how do heterotrophs get the free energy we need: must eat to get energy needed for
cellular process
24. how did cyanobacteria squire energy: photosynthesis
25. how did cyanobacteria impact the early earth: in doing photosynthesis, they generate
oxygen as a waste product. oxygen built up in the atmosphere to the levels we have today
26. what do banded iron formations in rock layers indicate in layers indicate?
how did they they form?: around 2.5 bya, there was a large amount of iron dissolved in the ocean
cyanobacteria evolved and photosynthesis filled the earth with oxygen. This is caused the iron to oxidize (rust) and
rink to the sea floor
27. what is the connection between eukaryotic plant cells prokaryotic photo-syn-
thesizers?: The endosymbiotic Theory suggests that chloroplasts were once free. living prokaryotic photo-synthe-
sizes that we're engulfed by the ancestor of today's plants.
28. Write the equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
29. what is stored in the glucose molecule?: energy
30. where does the light reaction take specifically?: in the thylakoids, with the Electron transport
chain embedded in the thylakoid membranes.
31. What is chlorophyll? what does it do?: green pigment found in chloroplast that absorbs light
energy exciting electrons that run around through the ETC during photosynthesis
2/5
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7e5aeh
1. What type of bio molecule are enzymes?: proteins
2. What is the monomer of a protein?: amino acid
3. what is the most important thing about an enzyme?: shape
4. an enzyme has to have the right ____________ in order to do it's job: shape
5. how would the function of this enzyme be affected if a mutation led to a
negatively charged amino acid being in that location? explain: a negatively charged
amino acid (R group) would likely prevent the enzyme from functioning, The positive charge would probably disrupt
the shape of the enzymes active site, preventing binding of the substrate.
6. how would the function of this enzyme be affected if a mutation led to a dif-
ferent, but also positively charged amino acid being in that location? explain: it
is possible that the substitution of a different but also positively charged R groups, would not impact the shape or
function of the enzyme. The charge has not changed, so the protein is likely to fold properly, and interact with the
substrate in the same way
7. what is the "activation energy" of a reaction: the amount of energy required to make a chemica
reaction happen.
8. what would happen to the reaction rate if you did not have the scissors and
we're breaking the straw by hand?: The reaction rate speed would lower because without the enzyme
(scissors) it would take a lot of energy to break down the straw in half, therefore take a long time to break each one-
slowing down the reaction rate( number of straw per second) with the enzyme reaction rate is faster
9. how does denaturation impact the enzyme's ability to catalyze this reac-
tion?explain: when the enzyme becomes denatured the substrate can no longer bind to the active site. It is the
wrong shape. if the substrate can't bind, the reaction can't happen.
10. a ph of 2 is _____ times as acidic as a PH of 3: 10
11. A pH 2 is _________ times more acidic than pH 4: 100
12. why/how do acids and bases (outside of optimum) denature enzymes?: acids
contain +H ion whole base carry -OH ions. These charges acts to pull and tug on the R groups of the proteins amino
acids, disrupting their relationship with each other and pulling them out of shape
13. competitive inhibitor: competes with substrate for active site
14. noncompetitive inhibitor: attach to a different location, but result in a shape change, so that the
substrate will no longer fit the active site
15. explain why free energy is necessary to living things: the 2nd law of thermodynamics is
the idea that all systems (including organisms) move from order, to disorder increasing entropy. The input of energy
1/5
, Ap bio
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7e5aeh
is necessary in order to prevent disorder from leading to death. energy is needed to maintain homeostasis, the stable
internal environment despite entropy
16. what happens when organisms get less free energy that is required to stay
alive?: it dies. if an organism is spending more energy maintaining homeostasis than it consumes, the organism
dies.
17. What is the first law of thermodynamics?: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it
cannot be created or destroyed.
18. What is the second law of thermodynamics?: the process of converting energy from one form
to another entropy of the system increases
19. what process burns glucose to release energy: cellular respiration
20. this release of energy can be coupled with cellular process that require
energy: formation of ATP
21. the earth gets a constant supply of energy from: the sun
22. what do plants do with free energy: convert to chemical energy- glucose
23. how do heterotrophs get the free energy we need: must eat to get energy needed for
cellular process
24. how did cyanobacteria squire energy: photosynthesis
25. how did cyanobacteria impact the early earth: in doing photosynthesis, they generate
oxygen as a waste product. oxygen built up in the atmosphere to the levels we have today
26. what do banded iron formations in rock layers indicate in layers indicate?
how did they they form?: around 2.5 bya, there was a large amount of iron dissolved in the ocean
cyanobacteria evolved and photosynthesis filled the earth with oxygen. This is caused the iron to oxidize (rust) and
rink to the sea floor
27. what is the connection between eukaryotic plant cells prokaryotic photo-syn-
thesizers?: The endosymbiotic Theory suggests that chloroplasts were once free. living prokaryotic photo-synthe-
sizes that we're engulfed by the ancestor of today's plants.
28. Write the equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
29. what is stored in the glucose molecule?: energy
30. where does the light reaction take specifically?: in the thylakoids, with the Electron transport
chain embedded in the thylakoid membranes.
31. What is chlorophyll? what does it do?: green pigment found in chloroplast that absorbs light
energy exciting electrons that run around through the ETC during photosynthesis
2/5
