Engineering Standards and Constants
CONVERSION OF UNITS
UNIT OF LENGTH UNIT OF MASS UNIT OF VOLUME
1 Meter (m) 3.28 ft 1 Kilogram (kg) 2.205 lbs 1 Gallons (gal) 3.78 Liters (Li)
1 Inch (in) 2.54 cm 1 Pounds (lb) 16 oz 1 Cubic Feet (ft3) 7.481 gal
1 Yard 3 ft 1 Metric Ton (MT) 1000 kg 1 Cubic Meter (m3) 1000 Li
1 Short Ton
1 Feet (Ft) 12 in 2000 lbs 1 Cubic Inch (in3) 16.4 cm3
(English Ton)
1 Mile (mi) 5280 ft 1 Long Ton 2200 lbs 1 Barrel (bb) 42 gal
1690 km 1 Slug 32.174 lbs UNIT OF CIRCLE
1 Nautical Mile 6080 ft 14.594 kg 1 Revolution 2π Rad
1 in-mi 1.152 mi UNIT FOR COMBUSTION 360°
1 Furlong 660 ft 1 BTU/lb 2.236 kJ/K 400 grads
1 Fathom 6ft .05556 Kcal/kg 6,400 mils
UNIT OF TEMPERATURE UNIT OF FORCE/ENERGY 60 min 1°
Kelvin (K) oC+273.15 1 BTU 778 lbf-ft UNIT OF AREA
ΔK 1.8 ΔR 252 cal 1 Square Feet (ft2) 144 in2
Rankine (R) oF + 460 1056 J 1 Sq. Meter (m2) 10,000 cm2
oF (1.8) oC+32 1Kilocalorie(Kcal) 4.184 KJ 10.76 ft2
oC oF(1/1.8)-32 1 Joules (J) 107 ergs 1.195 yd2
UNIT OF TIME 1 Kgf 9.8066 N 1 acre 4046.8 m2
1 Hour (hr) 3,600 secs 1 lbf 4.4482 N UNIT OF PRESSURE
1 Minute (min) 60 secs 1 Newton (N) 100,000 Dynes 1 atm 101325 Pascal
1 Day 24 hrs 1 Human Heat 225 Btu/hr 14.7 lb/in2
1 year 360 days 1 Slug 143.14 N-kip 760 mmhg
8760 hrs 1000 lbf 760 torr
UNIT OF POWER UNIT FOR REFRIGERATION 29.92 inhg
1 horsepower 550 lb-ft/s 1 TR 3.5167 kW 10.33 mH2O
(HP) 0.746 kW 2000 BTU/min 1.0332 kg/cm
CONSTANT VALUES
AIR (T@60°F) WATER, H2O ICE
Density, 𝜌 1.2 kg/m3 Density, 𝜌 1000 kg/m3 Cp 2.09 kJ/kg-K
0.075 lbm/ft3 62.4 lb/ft3 0.5 BTU/lb-R
Cp 1.006 kJ/kg-K Cp = Cv 4.187 kJ/kg-K 335 kJ/kg
Latent Heat of
0.24 BTU/lb-R 1 BTU/lb-R 144 BTU/lb
Fusion (LF)
Cv 0.716 kJ/kg-K Specific Weight 9.80676 kN/m3 80 cal/gm
0.171 BTU/lb-R 62.4 lbf/ft3 ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
Rair 0.28706 kJ/Kg-R UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT (𝑹 ̅) 9.8066 m/s2
53.342 lb-ft/lbm-R 8.3143 kJ/mol-K 32.174 ft/s2
Specific Heat Ratio (k) 1545.4 lb-ft/lbmol-R UNIT ANALYSIS
CO2 1.289 SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG) 1 Newton (N) Kg-m/s2
NH3 1.31 SGH2O 1.0 1 Joules (J) N-m
N2 1.399 SGOIL 0.8 Kg-m2/s2
He 1.667 SGSEAWATER 1.03 Pa-m3
Air (Cold) 1.4 SGHG 13.6 W-s
(Hot) 1.3 1 Pascal (Pa) Kg/m-s2
N/m2
CONVERSION OF UNITS
UNIT OF LENGTH UNIT OF MASS UNIT OF VOLUME
1 Meter (m) 3.28 ft 1 Kilogram (kg) 2.205 lbs 1 Gallons (gal) 3.78 Liters (Li)
1 Inch (in) 2.54 cm 1 Pounds (lb) 16 oz 1 Cubic Feet (ft3) 7.481 gal
1 Yard 3 ft 1 Metric Ton (MT) 1000 kg 1 Cubic Meter (m3) 1000 Li
1 Short Ton
1 Feet (Ft) 12 in 2000 lbs 1 Cubic Inch (in3) 16.4 cm3
(English Ton)
1 Mile (mi) 5280 ft 1 Long Ton 2200 lbs 1 Barrel (bb) 42 gal
1690 km 1 Slug 32.174 lbs UNIT OF CIRCLE
1 Nautical Mile 6080 ft 14.594 kg 1 Revolution 2π Rad
1 in-mi 1.152 mi UNIT FOR COMBUSTION 360°
1 Furlong 660 ft 1 BTU/lb 2.236 kJ/K 400 grads
1 Fathom 6ft .05556 Kcal/kg 6,400 mils
UNIT OF TEMPERATURE UNIT OF FORCE/ENERGY 60 min 1°
Kelvin (K) oC+273.15 1 BTU 778 lbf-ft UNIT OF AREA
ΔK 1.8 ΔR 252 cal 1 Square Feet (ft2) 144 in2
Rankine (R) oF + 460 1056 J 1 Sq. Meter (m2) 10,000 cm2
oF (1.8) oC+32 1Kilocalorie(Kcal) 4.184 KJ 10.76 ft2
oC oF(1/1.8)-32 1 Joules (J) 107 ergs 1.195 yd2
UNIT OF TIME 1 Kgf 9.8066 N 1 acre 4046.8 m2
1 Hour (hr) 3,600 secs 1 lbf 4.4482 N UNIT OF PRESSURE
1 Minute (min) 60 secs 1 Newton (N) 100,000 Dynes 1 atm 101325 Pascal
1 Day 24 hrs 1 Human Heat 225 Btu/hr 14.7 lb/in2
1 year 360 days 1 Slug 143.14 N-kip 760 mmhg
8760 hrs 1000 lbf 760 torr
UNIT OF POWER UNIT FOR REFRIGERATION 29.92 inhg
1 horsepower 550 lb-ft/s 1 TR 3.5167 kW 10.33 mH2O
(HP) 0.746 kW 2000 BTU/min 1.0332 kg/cm
CONSTANT VALUES
AIR (T@60°F) WATER, H2O ICE
Density, 𝜌 1.2 kg/m3 Density, 𝜌 1000 kg/m3 Cp 2.09 kJ/kg-K
0.075 lbm/ft3 62.4 lb/ft3 0.5 BTU/lb-R
Cp 1.006 kJ/kg-K Cp = Cv 4.187 kJ/kg-K 335 kJ/kg
Latent Heat of
0.24 BTU/lb-R 1 BTU/lb-R 144 BTU/lb
Fusion (LF)
Cv 0.716 kJ/kg-K Specific Weight 9.80676 kN/m3 80 cal/gm
0.171 BTU/lb-R 62.4 lbf/ft3 ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
Rair 0.28706 kJ/Kg-R UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT (𝑹 ̅) 9.8066 m/s2
53.342 lb-ft/lbm-R 8.3143 kJ/mol-K 32.174 ft/s2
Specific Heat Ratio (k) 1545.4 lb-ft/lbmol-R UNIT ANALYSIS
CO2 1.289 SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG) 1 Newton (N) Kg-m/s2
NH3 1.31 SGH2O 1.0 1 Joules (J) N-m
N2 1.399 SGOIL 0.8 Kg-m2/s2
He 1.667 SGSEAWATER 1.03 Pa-m3
Air (Cold) 1.4 SGHG 13.6 W-s
(Hot) 1.3 1 Pascal (Pa) Kg/m-s2
N/m2
