Summary Cell
Biology
Claudia Westhof
,1 Index
1. Chapter 15: Intracellular compartments and transport .................................................................. 2
1.2 Protein sorting ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Vesicular transport .................................................................................................................. 9
1.4 Secretory pathways ............................................................................................................... 12
1.5 Endocytic pathways ............................................................................................................... 14
2. Chapter 16: signal transduction pathways .................................................................................... 17
2.1. Cell communication ............................................................................................................... 17
2.2. Types of responses ................................................................................................................ 18
2.3. Type of receptors .................................................................................................................. 19
2.3.1. Ion channel receptor ......................................................................................................... 20
2.3.2. Intracellular receptor......................................................................................................... 21
2.3.3. G-protein coupled receptor............................................................................................... 22
2.3.4. Enzyme linked receptor ..................................................................................................... 30
3. Chapter 17: Cytoskeletal ............................................................................................................... 34
3.1. The cytoskeleton ................................................................................................................... 34
3.1.1. Intermediate filaments .................................................................................................. 35
3.1.2. Microtubules ................................................................................................................. 38
3.1.3. Actin filaments............................................................................................................... 46
3.2. Muscle contraction ................................................................................................................ 49
4. Chapter 18: Cell cycles................................................................................................................... 53
4.1. Overview of the cell cycle...................................................................................................... 53
4.2. The cell-cycle control system ................................................................................................ 54
4.3. G1 phase ................................................................................................................................ 58
4.4. S phase................................................................................................................................... 60
4.5. M phase ................................................................................................................................. 61
4.5.1. Mitosis ............................................................................................................................... 65
4.5.2. Cytokinesis ......................................................................................................................... 69
4.6. Control of cell numbers and cell size..................................................................................... 72
5. Chapter 20: Tissue stem cells and cancer ..................................................................................... 77
5.1. Extracellular matrix and connective tissue............................................................................ 77
5.2. Epithelial sheets and cell junctions ....................................................................................... 81
5.3. Tissue maintenance and renewal .......................................................................................... 87
5.4. Cancer .................................................................................................................................... 93
1
,1. Chapter 15: Intracellular compartments and transport
Figure 1, intracellular compartements.
Cell history eukaryotic cells :
• Endosymbiosis theory
Figure 2, cell history 1.
Figure 3, cell history 2.
1.2 Protein sorting
Proteins reside in the cytosol, unless they contain a sorting signal.
• Amino acid sequences contains sorting signal
2
, o Figure 4.
Figure 4, protein sorting signals were discoverd by trying to switch amino acid sequences.
Everything in a cell goes with receptors.
3 ways of transport, figure 5:
• Transport through nuclear pores
o Selective gates
• Transports across membranes
o Unfolded proteins
• Transport by vesicles
o From one endomembrane compartment to the other
Figure 5, 3 ways of transport.
Transport through nuclear pores:
• Figure 6, 7, 8 and 9
• Not all proteins can come in the nucleus.
• Cytosolic fibrils:
o Trap proteins
• Nuclear basket
o Collects proteins
3
Biology
Claudia Westhof
,1 Index
1. Chapter 15: Intracellular compartments and transport .................................................................. 2
1.2 Protein sorting ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Vesicular transport .................................................................................................................. 9
1.4 Secretory pathways ............................................................................................................... 12
1.5 Endocytic pathways ............................................................................................................... 14
2. Chapter 16: signal transduction pathways .................................................................................... 17
2.1. Cell communication ............................................................................................................... 17
2.2. Types of responses ................................................................................................................ 18
2.3. Type of receptors .................................................................................................................. 19
2.3.1. Ion channel receptor ......................................................................................................... 20
2.3.2. Intracellular receptor......................................................................................................... 21
2.3.3. G-protein coupled receptor............................................................................................... 22
2.3.4. Enzyme linked receptor ..................................................................................................... 30
3. Chapter 17: Cytoskeletal ............................................................................................................... 34
3.1. The cytoskeleton ................................................................................................................... 34
3.1.1. Intermediate filaments .................................................................................................. 35
3.1.2. Microtubules ................................................................................................................. 38
3.1.3. Actin filaments............................................................................................................... 46
3.2. Muscle contraction ................................................................................................................ 49
4. Chapter 18: Cell cycles................................................................................................................... 53
4.1. Overview of the cell cycle...................................................................................................... 53
4.2. The cell-cycle control system ................................................................................................ 54
4.3. G1 phase ................................................................................................................................ 58
4.4. S phase................................................................................................................................... 60
4.5. M phase ................................................................................................................................. 61
4.5.1. Mitosis ............................................................................................................................... 65
4.5.2. Cytokinesis ......................................................................................................................... 69
4.6. Control of cell numbers and cell size..................................................................................... 72
5. Chapter 20: Tissue stem cells and cancer ..................................................................................... 77
5.1. Extracellular matrix and connective tissue............................................................................ 77
5.2. Epithelial sheets and cell junctions ....................................................................................... 81
5.3. Tissue maintenance and renewal .......................................................................................... 87
5.4. Cancer .................................................................................................................................... 93
1
,1. Chapter 15: Intracellular compartments and transport
Figure 1, intracellular compartements.
Cell history eukaryotic cells :
• Endosymbiosis theory
Figure 2, cell history 1.
Figure 3, cell history 2.
1.2 Protein sorting
Proteins reside in the cytosol, unless they contain a sorting signal.
• Amino acid sequences contains sorting signal
2
, o Figure 4.
Figure 4, protein sorting signals were discoverd by trying to switch amino acid sequences.
Everything in a cell goes with receptors.
3 ways of transport, figure 5:
• Transport through nuclear pores
o Selective gates
• Transports across membranes
o Unfolded proteins
• Transport by vesicles
o From one endomembrane compartment to the other
Figure 5, 3 ways of transport.
Transport through nuclear pores:
• Figure 6, 7, 8 and 9
• Not all proteins can come in the nucleus.
• Cytosolic fibrils:
o Trap proteins
• Nuclear basket
o Collects proteins
3
